演講MP3+雙語文稿:腦部損傷和犯罪之間的驚人關(guān)聯(lián)

聽力課堂TED音頻欄目主要包括TED演講的音頻MP3及中英雙語文稿，供各位英語愛好者學(xué)習(xí)使用。本文主要內(nèi)容為演講MP3+雙語文稿:腦部損傷和犯罪之間的驚人關(guān)聯(lián)，希望你會喜歡！

【演講者及介紹】Kim Gorgens

金·戈根斯(Kim Gorgens)研究大腦對損傷的反應(yīng)，并主張我們要注意(灰色)物質(zhì)。

【演講主題】腦部損傷和犯罪之間的驚人聯(lián)系

The surprising connection between brain injuries and crime

【中英文字幕】

翻譯者Lipeng Chen 校對者Chen Yunru

00:13

A traumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disruption in brain function caused by an external blow to the head. And when you hear that definition, you might think about sports and professional athletes, since it's the kind of injury we're used to seeing on the playing field. And this imagery has really come to define TBI in the public consciousness. I myself do research on TBI in retired and college athletes. I stood on a TED stage in 2010, talking about concussions in kids' sports. So I have to say, as someone who researches and treats these injuries, that I've been really gratified to see the growing awareness of TBI and specifically, the short- and long-term risks to athletes.

創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷，又稱TBI， 是由于頭部受到外部重?fù)舳鴮?dǎo)致的大腦功能紊亂。當(dāng)你們聽到這個概念時，你們可能會想到職業(yè)運動員，因為這是我們在球場上經(jīng)?？吹降膿p傷。 這的確是公眾意識中腦損傷的形象。 我自己也在研究退役和大學(xué)運動員的創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷。2010年我站在TED舞臺上，談?wù)搩和\動中的腦震蕩。所以我不得不說，作為研究和治療這些損傷的人，我為人們對創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷意識的增強感到高興。尤其是有關(guān)運動員的短期和長期風(fēng)險。

01:02

Today, though, I want to introduce you to a larger but no less controversial group of people impacted by traumatic brain injury, who don't often show up in the headlines. I've come to recognize these inmates and probationers as surprisingly among the most vulnerable members of society. For the last six years, my colleagues and I have been doing research that has completely changed the way we think about the criminal justice system and the people in it. And it may change the way you think about those things, too.

不過，今天我想介紹一個涵蓋面更廣但富有爭議的，受到創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷影響的人群，他們不經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在頭條上。 我逐漸認(rèn)識到囚犯和緩刑犯出乎意料地，是社會上最脆弱的群體之一。在過去的六年里，我和我的同事一直在做研究，這完全改變了我們對刑事司法系統(tǒng)以及相關(guān)人員的看法。 我們的研究也可能改變你們對這些事情的看法。

01:35

So I'll start with a shocking statistic: 50 to 80 percent of people in criminal justice have a traumatic brain injury. Up to 80 percent. In the general public, in this room, for example, that number is less than five percent. And I'm not just talking about getting your bell rung. These are the kinds of injuries that require hospitalization. Most of them are the product of a physical assault, and some of them are actually sustained in jail. All of these numbers are even higher among the women in criminal justice. Almost every single woman in the criminal justice system has been exposed to interpersonal violence and abuse. More than half of these women have been exposed to repeated brain injuries. In this way, these women's brains look like the brains of retired NFL players, and they'll likely face the same risks for dementing diseases as they age. The same risks.

所以我先從一個令人震驚的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)開始：50%到80%的深陷刑事案件的人員曾經(jīng)受到過腦損傷。高達(dá)80%。然而在普通民眾中，這個數(shù)字不到百分之五。我說的不僅僅是頭部受到了撞擊。我說的這些損傷需要住院治療。大部分是由于身體受到攻擊引起的他們中的一些人實際上已經(jīng)被關(guān)進(jìn)了監(jiān)獄。所有這些數(shù)字對于 觸犯刑事法律的女性而言更高。刑事案件中幾乎每一個女性， 都曾遭受過暴力和虐待。這些女性中有一半以上 腦部反復(fù)遭受重?fù)?。這些女性的大腦看起來就像是 退役的美國橄欖球聯(lián)盟球員的大腦，而且隨著年齡的增長，她們可能面臨著同樣的癡呆癥風(fēng)險。同樣的風(fēng)險。

02:50

TBI, together with mental illness and substance abuse and trauma, makes it hard for people to think. They have cognitive impairments like poor judgment and poor impulse control, problems that make criminal justice a revolving door. People get arrested and booked into jail. They oftentimes get into trouble while they're in there. They get into fights. They fall out of their bunk. And then they get released and do stupid things, like forgetting mandatory check-ins, and they get rearrested. Statistically speaking, they're actually more likely to be rearrested than not. A colleague calls this "serving a life sentence 30 days at a time."

腦損傷，與精神疾病、藥物濫用和創(chuàng)傷交織作用，使得人們難以思考。他們有認(rèn)知障礙，比如較差的判斷力 和較差的沖動控制能力， 這使得刑事司法成為一道旋轉(zhuǎn)門 （意味著一再進(jìn)出法院和監(jiān)獄）。 人們被逮捕并被關(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。 他們經(jīng)常在那里遇到麻煩。 他們打架。他們從床鋪上掉下來。然后他們被釋放，做一些愚蠢的事情，就像忘記強制登記一樣，他們會重新被捕。從統(tǒng)計學(xué)上講，他們更有可能重新被捕。 一位同事稱之為 “每次服30天的無期徒刑”。

03:34

And oftentimes, these folks don't know why this is so hard for them. They feel out of control and frustrated. So knowing that TBI is at the root of so many of these challenges, the mission for a group of us in Colorado has been to disrupt that cycle, to jam the revolving the door. So working together with my state and local partners, we crafted a plan to meet everyone's needs: the system, the inmates and probationers, my graduate students. In this program, we assess how each person's brain works so that we can recommend basic modifications to make this system more effective and safer. And here when I say "safer," I mean safer not only for the inmates, but safer also for correctional staff.

通常，這些人不知道為什么這對他們來說如此困難。他們感到失控和沮喪。在得知創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷 是這些挑戰(zhàn)的根源之后，我們科羅拉多州的一個小組的任務(wù)就是打破這個循環(huán)，堵住這扇旋轉(zhuǎn)的門。因此，通過和我所在的州和地方 的合作伙伴合作，我們制定了一個 滿足每個參與者需求的計劃： 司法系統(tǒng)，囚犯，緩刑犯 和我的研究生。 在這個項目中，我們評估每個人的大腦是如何工作的以便我們建議做出基本的修改，使得這個系統(tǒng)更有效 并且更安全。 在這里，當(dāng)我說“更安全”時，我的意思是不僅對囚犯更安全，對于懲教人員也更安全。

04:28

In some ways, this is such a simple approach. We're not treating the brain injury, we're treating the underlying problem that gets people into all of this trouble in the first place. We do quick neuropsychological screening tests to identify strengths and weaknesses in the way an inmate thinks. Using that information, we write two reports. One, a report for the system with specific recommendations on how to manage that inmate. The other is a letter to the inmate with specific suggestions for how to manage themselves. For example, if our test result suggests that a probationer has a hard time remembering the things they hear, that would be an auditory memory deficit. In that case, our letter to the court might suggest that that probationer get handouts of important information. And our letter to that probationer would say, among other things, that they should carry a notebook to record that information for themselves.

在某些方面，這是一種非常簡單的方法。我們不是在治療腦損傷，我們把處理 讓人們陷入困境的根本問題 。放在第一位。我們做快速的神經(jīng)心理檢查，以囚犯的思維方式 找出優(yōu)點和缺點。利用這些信息，我們寫了兩份報告。 一，給司法系統(tǒng)的報告，關(guān)于如何管理那個囚犯的具體建議。另一封是給犯人的信， 關(guān)于如何管理自己的具體建議。 例如，如果我們的測試結(jié)果表明一個緩刑犯很難 記住他們聽到的東西，那可能是聽覺記憶缺陷。在這種情況下，我們給法院的信可能會建議給那個緩刑犯有關(guān)重要信息的手冊。我們給那個緩刑犯的信中會說，他們應(yīng)該隨身攜帶 一本筆記本來記錄這些信息。

05:33

Now, most importantly, is that I pause here to be really clear about one point. This program does not minimize responsibility or make excuses for anyone's behavior. This is about changing longstanding negative perceptions and building self-advocacy. It's actually about taking responsibility. The inmates move from, "I'm a total screwup, I'm a loser," to, "Here's what I don't do well, and here's what I have to do about it."

現(xiàn)在，最重要的是，我在這里停下來想澄清一點。這個計劃并沒有逃避責(zé)任，或者為任何人的行為找借口。這主要是改變長期以來的負(fù)面看法 并倡導(dǎo)自我重建。實際上是要承擔(dān)責(zé)任。囚犯們從“我徹底搞砸了，我是個失敗者?！鞭D(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤拔易龅貌缓?，但這就是我要改進(jìn)的?！?/p>

06:09

(Applause)

（掌聲）

06:16

And the system comes to see an inmate's problematic behavior as the things they can't do versus the things they won't do. And that change -- seeing behavior as a deficit rather than outright defiance -- is everything in these settings.

司法系統(tǒng)逐漸認(rèn)識到 囚犯的問題行為 是因為他們做不到， 而不是因為他們不想做。 這一變化—— 把行為看成是一種缺陷 而不是徹底的蔑視—— 就是這一系列設(shè)計想達(dá)成的目的。

06:36

We hear from inmates around the country, and they write, and more than anything, they want to know how to help themselves. This is an excerpt from a letter from Troy in Virginia, an excerpt from a 50-page letter. And he writes, "Can you tell me what you think of all the head traumas I've dealt with? What can I do? Can you help me?"

我們收到了來自全國囚犯的來信，他們寫信，更重要的是，他們想知道如何幫助自己。這是一封來自弗吉尼亞州一位名叫特洛伊的囚犯的信件摘錄，從長達(dá)50頁的信中摘錄的。 他寫道，“你能告訴我你對我經(jīng)歷過的 所有頭部創(chuàng)傷有什么看法嗎？我能做什么？你能幫我嗎？”

07:01

Closer to home, we have thousands of stories like this, and smart stories, stories that have a great outcome. Here's Vinny. Vinny was hit by a car when he was 15, and from that moment forward, spent more time in jail than in school. With some basic skill-building, after our assessment revealed that he had some pretty significant memory impairments, Vinny learned to use the alarm and reminder function on his iPhone to track important appointments, and he keeps a checklist to break larger tasks into smaller, manageable ones. And with basic tools like that under his belt, Vinny's been out of jail for two years, clean for nine months, and recently back to work.

言歸正傳，我們有上千個這樣的故事，精彩的故事，有很好結(jié)果的故事。這是維尼。維尼15歲時被車撞了，從那時起，他在監(jiān)獄里呆的時間 比在學(xué)校里多。通過一些基本技能的培訓(xùn)，那是在我們的評估顯示他有相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重的記憶障礙之后，維尼在他的iPhone上學(xué)會了使用鬧鐘和提醒功能。跟蹤記錄重要的約定，他還做了一份清單， 以把更大的任務(wù) 變成更小的，可管理的任務(wù)。 多虧了這樣的基本工具， 維尼已經(jīng)出獄兩年了， 九個月內(nèi)沒有犯罪記錄， 最近又開始工作了。

07:47

(Applause)

（掌聲）

07:54

What's so striking for Vinny is that this is his first time off of court supervision since his injury more than 15 years ago. He made it out of the revolving door.

對于維尼來說，最讓人驚嘆的是 這是自他15年前受傷以來 首次在脫離庭外監(jiān)管。他從司法旋轉(zhuǎn)門中脫身了。

08:08

(Applause)

（掌聲）

08:14

He says now, "I can do anything. I just have to work a lot harder at it." (Laughs)

他現(xiàn)在說，“我能做任何事。我只需要更努力的工作就行了?！保ㄐΓ?/p>

08:22

And here's Thomas. Thomas has some pretty significant attention and behavior problems after an injury landed him in a coma for more than a month. After relearning how to walk, his first stop? Court. He couldn't imagine a future where he wasn't in trouble. He now carries a calendar to avoid being held in contempt for missed court dates, and he schedules a break into his day every day to recharge before he gets agitated.

這是托馬斯。托馬斯自受傷、昏迷了一個多月后，開始產(chǎn)生一些相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重的 注意力和行為問題。在重新學(xué)會走路之后，他的第一站？法庭。他無法想象沒有麻煩的未來。他現(xiàn)在帶著日歷，以避免因為缺席庭審而被判蔑視法庭，他每天都安排時間休息，使他在焦躁不安前平靜下來。

08:54

And nobody knows the revolving door better than the person sitting at the front of the courtroom. This is my good friend and colleague Judge Brian Bowen. Now, Judge Bowen was already on a mission to make the system work for everyone, and when he heard about this program, he saw the perfect fit. He actually sits down with all of his prosecutors to help them see that there's basically two categories of defendants in the courtroom: the ones we're afraid of -- oftentimes, rightfully so -- and the ones we're mad at. These are the ones who miss all of their scheduled appointments and they blow through the best-laid probation plans. And Judge Bowen believes that, with a little more support, we could move people in this latter category, the maddening category, through and ultimately out of the system.

沒有人更了解旋轉(zhuǎn)門比坐在法庭最前排的人。這是我的好朋友和同事，布萊恩·伯恩法官。現(xiàn)在，伯恩法官已經(jīng)承擔(dān)起讓司法系統(tǒng)為每個人工作的使命，當(dāng)他聽說這個項目時，他覺得非常合適。他和所有的檢察官坐在一起，幫助他們發(fā)現(xiàn) 基本上有兩類被告人 在法庭上： 我們害怕的那些—— 通常，是這樣的—— 還有那些讓我們很抓狂的人。他們錯過了所有預(yù)定的出庭日，因而搞砸了緩刑計劃。鮑恩法官認(rèn)為，如果能得到更多的支持，我們可以調(diào)動后一類人，令人發(fā)狂的那類人，通過，并最終退出司法系統(tǒng)。

09:45

He proved that with Navy veteran Mike. Judge Bowen saw the correlation between Mike's history of a massive 70-foot fall and his long-standing pattern of difficulty showing up on the right day for court appointments and complying with mandatory therapy requirements, for example. And instead of sentencing him to more and more jail time, Judge Bowen sent him home with maps and checklists and handouts and recommended instead vocational rehabilitation and flexible scheduling for those therapies. And this with those supports, Mike's back to work for the first time since his injury while he was in the service. He's repairing relationships with his family, and just last month, he graduated from Judge Bowen's veteran's court.

他與海軍老兵邁克證明了這一點。鮑恩法官看出了以下兩者的相關(guān)性：一是邁克曾從70英尺高摔下， 二是他長期以來無法按時 出現(xiàn)在庭審上。還有，例如無法遵守 強制性治療的相關(guān)性。伯恩法官不是判處他 越來越多的監(jiān)禁，而是讓他回家，給予地圖、清單和手冊，并建議改為職業(yè)康復(fù) 以及靈活的治療計劃。有了這些支持，邁克又開始工作了，這是他在服役期間 受傷之后的第一次。他在修復(fù)與家人的關(guān)系，就在上個月，他從伯恩法官的老兵法庭“畢業(yè)”了。

10:38

(Applause)

（掌聲）

10:46

This program shows us the overwhelming prevalence of traumatic brain injuries and cognitive deficits and the accumulation of brokenness in the criminal justice system. And it highlights the extraordinary power of resilience and responsibility. In Mike and Thomas and Vinny, even Judge Bowen's story, you saw the transformation made possible by a change in perception and some simple accommodations. All told, in this program, these inmates and probationers come to see themselves differently. The system sees them differently, and when you meet them in the community, I hope you see them differently, too.

這個項目向我們展現(xiàn)了創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷和認(rèn)知缺陷無處不在，以及刑事司法系統(tǒng)中的種種不足。它強調(diào)了非凡的韌性和責(zé)任感。在邁克、托馬斯、維尼，甚至是鮑恩法官的故事中， 你們看到了認(rèn)知改變以及 一些簡單的調(diào)整 所帶來的轉(zhuǎn)變。總之，在這個項目中，這些囚犯和緩刑犯對自己的看法改變了。司法系統(tǒng)對他們的看法改變了，當(dāng)你們在社區(qū)里遇到他們時， 我希望你們也能以不同的方式看待他們。

11:36

Thanks, guys.

謝謝你們。

11:37

(Applause)

（掌聲）