15篇文章貫通六級詞匯MP3（字幕版）Unit14-Part2
While in London,
Sun received an unexpected boost
to his efforts of eliciting help for his cause.
While on his way there, in 1896,
he was kidnapped and held
in the Chinese (Qing) Embassy.
He managed to sneak a message to a friend
who talked to the press.
This created an embarrassing situation
for the Chinese government,
which consequently, released Sun.
The Chinese portrayed Sun as insane or as an idiot.
This incident, along with a popular book
that he wrote about the experience,
magnified his reputation internationally.
In Japan, shortly after,
he was welcomed as an international celebrity.
In order to carry out a successful revolution,
he realized that his agenda required
the support of intellectuals.
To enroll the support of the latter,
he needed a well thought-out plan or theory.
From this realization,
the doctrine of The Three Principles
of the People was disclosed.
The three were nationalism, democracy,
and the people's livelihood.
Nationalism was interpreted initially
to mean antiManchu,
while democracy meant a republican form of government.
The people's livelihood was perceived
as state ownership of property.
This would be the solution
to avoid the problemsof economic inequalities
experienced in the west.
Given his knowledge of the west's experience,
Sun saw this approach
for China as more practical and reliable.
His plan for revolution suggested three stages:
military rule, political tutelage,
and constitutional government.
He saw that military rule
was needed for a period of time
to rid China of lingering corruption
from the Qing period,
and to create an environment of stability
to create the new Chinese society.
Political tutelage guardianship,
for perhaps three years,
was needed to gradually develop a stronger,
more permanent political system,
and to acclimatize the Chinese people
to these political changes.
After six years, China might be ready for
a permanent constitutional republican government.
He sincerely hoped that
his plan would permeate China
with widespread acceptance.
In 1905, while in Japan,
Sun was instrumental in setting up
the United League of China.
The Wuchang (Wuhan) Revolt,
in October of 1911,
brought Sun Yat-sen to Shanghai.
Shortly after the successful overthrow
of the Qing Dynasty,
Sun was elected Interim President
of the new Republic of China
in Nanking, the capital.
This government immediately set out
to develop a provisional(temporary) constitution.
However, by February of 1912,
Sun resigned as president to give way
to Yuan Shikai,
who brought with him
a lot of support from the north,
which provided the opportunity
to unify greater parts of China.
Also in 1912, the United League of China
set up the Kuomingtang (KMT),
the National Party of China.
Yuan Shikai, in the meantime
betrayed the republic and Sun's trust,
by attempting to set himself up as a dictator.
Sun immediately proceeded in pursuit of Yuan
but was unsuccessful and
had to go into exile in Japan.
In 1924, the Kuomingtang convened
at Guangzhou to establish three principles
to solidify and strengthen the republic
and to unify the rest of China.
These principles included
developing an alliance with Russia,
helping farmers, workers, and bourgeoisie,
and recommending a national conference
to end the brutal, unequal treaties
imposed by foreign nations.
The result was “the Declaration of Beijing”,
the last official act of Dr. Sun Yat-sen
before liver cancer took his life
in March of 1925.
Sun Yat-sen was widely mourned
as tributes came in from all over.
Many intellectuals saw Sun as a man of action,
a pragmatist, and not as a great intellectual.
Throughout his life,
he was not above contradicting his own principles,
or tolerating opposing views
or parties to further his cause.
For Sun, during these turbulent times,
the end sometimes did seem to justify the means.
His philosophy changed, over time,
to meet changing needs.
For many academics, Sun's career
was not seen as the making of a myth,
but as a real man
dealing with real complex realities of his time.
His presence, inside and outside of China,
dominated Chinese history during the late 19th
and early 20th centuries.
He adopted and tailored western ideas
to the Chinese experience,
in order to create his vision of a new China.
Many academics also felt that
Sun's western experiences greatly influenced his work
and contributed to his predominant place
in Chinese and world history.
Before he died, he stated that
the whole nation had to be awakened
and united with those
who treated them equally,
and fight side by side with them.
Sun Yat-sen had received the respect
of people throughout the world,
even from non-communist sources.
In China, he became a legend.
When the Kuomingtang and
the Communists split in 1927,
both claimed to be heirs of his work.
No one can deny Sun Yat-sen his rightful place,
not only in Chinese history
but also in world history.
He truly deserves the title
and honour of Father of the Chinese Revolution.
