2012年職稱英語衛(wèi)生類A級閱讀理解原文

　　不丹:幸福勝過財富 1)Bhutan-Where Happiness 2)Outranks Wealth

　　What is happines

really? In conventional development theory, it equals money and prosperity, as measured by 3)GNP (Gross National Product). But Bhutan, the famously remote and beautiful Buddhist kingdom in the Himalaya has been trying out a different concept. 4)Espoused by the country’s king, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, its government has been using a standard called GNH, or Gross National Happiness. It has 5)underpinned the country’s approach to change and development.

　　After centuries of self-imposed isolation, in 1961, Bhutan opened its doors to the world. The Bhutanese quickly learnt that in the pursuit of economic prosperity, many countries had lost their cultural identitie as well as their spirituality, and 6)compromised their environments. From a Buddhist perspective the burst of consumer-driven, economic growth, and consequently the explosion of affluence in industrialized nation had resulted in widespread spiritual poverty. It was a clear message to the Bhutanese that economic growth alone did not bring contentment.

　　However, the government also knew that change was inevitable. So Bhutan had to come up with a different approach to development—something that would monitor and regulate the nature and pace of change without compromising the essence of its citizens’ well-being. Thu GNH was born. GNH, according to the Center of Bhutan Studies in the capital, Thimphu, is not against change. It 7)propounds development by balancing economic development, preservation of the environment, and religious-cultural heritage. The underlying message is that the country should not sacrifice elements important for people’s happiness to gain material development. In short, GNH 8)takes into account not just the flow of money, but also access to healthcare, free time with family, conservation of natural resource and other non-economic factors.

　　到底什么是幸福呢?在常見的發(fā)展理論中,幸福等同于金錢與繁榮,是用GNP(國民生產(chǎn)總值)衡量的。但不丹,一個位于喜馬拉雅山區(qū),遙遠(yuǎn)而美麗的佛教國家,正嘗試一種不同的幸福理念。在國王吉格梅·辛格·旺楚克的支持下,不丹政府采用了一種不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來衡量幸福,叫GNH,即國民幸福總值,這一直是這個國家求變發(fā)展的基石。

　　歷經(jīng)了幾個世紀(jì)的自我封閉之后,在1961年,不丹終于向世界打開了大門。不丹人很快認(rèn)識到,在追求經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的過程中,許多國家喪失了自己的文化身份以及精神特性,并犧牲了自己的環(huán)境。從佛教的角度來看,消費(fèi)者驅(qū)動型經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅猛增長以及隨之而產(chǎn)生的工業(yè)化國家中財富的膨脹都會造成普遍的精神貧乏。這讓不丹人清楚地認(rèn)識到,單純的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長并不能帶來滿足感。

　　雖然如此,不丹政府也清楚改變是不可避免的。因此不丹必須尋求一種不同的發(fā)展途徑—— 一種能夠監(jiān)控及規(guī)范“變化”的本質(zhì)和速度,而又不會犧牲其國民基本幸福的方式。GNH因此應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。據(jù)位于不丹首都廷布的不丹研究中心稱,GNH與改變并不相斥,它提出發(fā)展必須在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、保護(hù)環(huán)境及保存宗教文化遺產(chǎn)之間取得平衡。其中隱含的信息是,國家不應(yīng)以犧牲那些對人們的幸福至關(guān)重要的東西來獲取物質(zhì)方面的發(fā)展。簡而言之,GNH不但考慮資金流向,而且還顧及衛(wèi)生保健、家人共處的休閑時間、保護(hù)自然資源以及其他非經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。

　　In 1998, Bhutan’s Prime Minister, Jigmi Thinley, identified the “Four Pillars” of GNH, which today form the overall guiding principle for development in Bhutan. The first is sustainable and equitable socio-economic development. This stresses the improvement of physical, intellectual, social, and economic health through services such as health, education, trade and commerce, road and bridge construction, employment, urban development, and housing. As a result, education and health were provided free of cost to all Bhutanese even though the country was still poor. The second pillar is conservation of the environment. Only 16% of Bhutan’s land is 9)arable, so there is pressure to 10)fell trees and sell timber. But the law requires that the proportion of tree cover must not be less than 65%. At present about 72% of Bhutan is forest. The hydropower projects—main drivers of the country’s economy—are mostly “run-of-the-river” schemes which 11)pose far less impact on the environment, and far less human displacement, than would huge dams. The third pillar is preservation and promotion of culture. The Bhutanese government views this as a crucial strategy to preserve the country’s sovereignty. It has implemented policies that conserve and promote Bhutanese religion, language and literature, art and architecture, performing art national dres traditional 12)etiquette, and sports and recreation. For instance, the government requires all Bhutanese to wear traditional dress to office temple and official 13)functions. And the last pillar is good governance. The Bhutanese believe that good governance is vital for the happiness of the people.

　　1998年,不丹總理吉格梅·廷里確立了GNH的“四大支柱”,這如今成為不丹發(fā)展的總指導(dǎo)方針。第一大支柱是社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)、公平發(fā)展,強(qiáng)調(diào)通過諸如健康、教育、商業(yè)貿(mào)易、道路及橋梁建設(shè)、就業(yè)、城市發(fā)展和住房等服務(wù)來提高身體、智力、社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)的健康發(fā)展。因此,即使這個國家仍然很貧窮,但所有不丹人的教育及健康服務(wù)都是國家免費(fèi)提供的。第二大支柱是環(huán)境保護(hù)。不丹只有16%的土地是可耕種的,這會迫使當(dāng)?shù)厝送ㄟ^砍伐樹木和出售木材來謀生。但是該國法律要求樹木的覆蓋率不能低于65%。如今,不丹的森林覆蓋率為72%。國家經(jīng)濟(jì)的主要驅(qū)動力——水力發(fā)電工程,大多數(shù)都是利用河流的天然動力,這些項目對環(huán)境的影響較少,并且比那些規(guī)模浩大的筑壩發(fā)電工程要造成少得多的人口遷徙。第三大支柱是文化的保護(hù)及推廣。不丹政府認(rèn)為這是維護(hù)國家主權(quán)的重要策略。國家實施了各種政策去保護(hù)及推廣不丹的宗教、語言和文學(xué)、藝術(shù)和建筑、表演藝術(shù)、民族服飾、傳統(tǒng)禮儀、運(yùn)動和娛樂活動。例如,政府要求不丹人上班、去寺廟及出席官方活動時都要穿傳統(tǒng)服裝。最后一大支柱是良好的政府管治。不丹人堅信良好的管理對人們的幸福至關(guān)重要。

　　While this novel approach to development is still very much a work in progres importantly, it is today serving as a 14)catalyst for broader discussions worldwide on happiness—15)stoking ideas about whether governments and peoples should accept happiness as a legitimate and measurable pursuit. Across the world an increasing number of bureaucrat economist corporate leader and social scientists are discussing the subject.

　　“Happines

as we learn in Buddhism, can only come from within the self, through the understanding of one’s own mind. So GNH is the responsibility of the state to create the right environment where the citizen can seek and find that happines ” said Kinley Dorji, editor-in-chief of Kuensel, Bhutan’s national newspaper.

　　That said, GNH does not ignore economic development, according to the Center for Bhutan Studies. On the contrary, economic development planning is critical, but as only one means by which happiness should be achieved. Renata Dessallien, the Resident Coordinator for UN agencies in Bhutan, recently stated, “GNH 16)encapsulates both the quantity and quality of development or ‘progress’. 17)GDP is a quantitative measure only, measuring as it does both ‘goods and bads’. ” For example, Ms. Dessallien argued, “when a sick man receives medication and health care, the GDP increases whether the man recovers or not. But GNH is not only interesting because of its combination of the quantitative and the qualitative, it also conjures up deep philosophical questions on the essence of happiness. And it allows for a relative definition of happines

according to each person’s perspective.”

　　According to her, GNH could provide a practical alternative to the present global development 18)paradigm, which seems continually to confuse means with ends. Indeed, Bhutan has begun work to determine the statistical indicators and 19)indices to measure GNH. Nine 20)provisional GNH indicators have been identified: standard of living; health of population; education; vitality and diversity of ecosystem; cultural vitality and diversity; use and balance of time; good governance; community vitality; and emotional well-being. According to the head of the Center of Bhutan Studie

Karma Ura, these indicators would be made meaningful in order to drive, guide, and evaluate the policie decision and performance of the government.

　　Recently at the GNH international seminar held in 21)Nova Scotia, Canada, two American scientists asked if Bhutan was feeling the weight of the responsibility for GNH. Mr. Thinley—now home and culture minister—said that while Bhutan was under pressure to make GNH work domestically, it did not promise GNH as a solution or formula for everyone. “That will be your responsibility,” he said. “You will have to make GNH work your own way.”

　　雖然這種新奇的發(fā)展形式仍然在發(fā)展當(dāng)中,但重要的是,如今它已促使全世界的人對“幸福”有了更廣泛的探討——催生了新的想法,諸如政府及人民是否應(yīng)該將幸?？醋魇且环N合理且可衡量的追求。全球各國越來越多的官員、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家、企業(yè)領(lǐng)袖和社會學(xué)家們都在討論這個話題。

　　不丹官方報紙《Kuensel》的主編肯利·多吉說:“正如我們在佛教中學(xué)到的,幸福只能來自于人的內(nèi)心,要通過了解自己的心靈而獲得。因此GNH是國家的一種職責(zé)——去創(chuàng)造合適的環(huán)境,讓人們找到那種幸福。”

　　一方面是如此,可另一方面,據(jù)不丹研究中心稱,GNH并沒有忽視經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。相反,經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展規(guī)劃是關(guān)鍵的,但也只是作為人們獲得幸?？鞓返钠渲幸环N手段而已。最近,聯(lián)合國機(jī)構(gòu)常駐不丹的協(xié)調(diào)員麗娜塔·得薩里恩表示:“GNP囊括了發(fā)展或者說‘進(jìn)步’的質(zhì)與量,而GDP僅僅是一種量化標(biāo)準(zhǔn),不管國家做得‘好與壞’都是如此進(jìn)行測量。” 例如,“當(dāng)一個病人接受藥物治療及健康保健,不管他是否康復(fù),GDP都是增長的。但是GNH的有趣之處在于它不僅僅是一種定量和定性的結(jié)合,而且它還提出了對幸福本質(zhì)深刻的哲學(xué)思考。并且根據(jù)每個人視角的不同,它允許有相對意義上的幸福。”得薩里恩女士解釋道。

　　據(jù)她所說,現(xiàn)有的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式一直將手段與目標(biāo)混淆,而GNH能夠為全球的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式提供一種實用的他選。事實上,不丹已經(jīng)開始制定數(shù)據(jù)化的指標(biāo)和指數(shù)來衡量GNH,并且已經(jīng)暫定了9個GNH指標(biāo):生活水平、人口健康、教育、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的活力和多樣性、文化的活力和多樣性、時間的使用和平衡、良好的管治、社會活力和心理健康。據(jù)不丹研究中心的負(fù)責(zé)人卡瑪·烏拉稱,為了推動、指導(dǎo)及評估政府的政策、決策及表現(xiàn),這些指標(biāo)意味深長。

　　最近,在加拿大新斯科舍省舉行的GNH國際論壇上,兩個美國科學(xué)家問及不丹是否感覺到GNH的重大責(zé)任?，F(xiàn)任不丹家庭及文化部長廷里先生表示,讓GNH在國內(nèi)發(fā)揮效用,不丹承受著一定的壓力,同時,不丹并沒有承諾GNH能夠成為每個人獲得幸福的方法或者公式。“那將是你們的責(zé)任,”他說,“你們得按自己的情況來利用好GNH。”