所謂同位語,顧名思義,就是起重復性解釋作用的成分。在托福閱讀中遇到同位語最佳的處理方法就是刪除同位語,從而更好地理解。關于同位語的識別,一般都是以A, B的形式出現(xiàn),例如,the president of USA, Trump,關于刪除方法,則以保留最簡單的表達為刪除原則。
二.插入語
所謂插入語就是不影響句子含義和結構的插入成分。常見的插入語有that is, that is to say, what's more, to tell you the truth, frankly speaking等,處理插入語的最佳辦法就是刪除。
三.定語
定語的“定”主要指限定,形容詞、名詞、介詞短語等都可以作定語,來修飾、限定名詞。
英語中也可以用一個句子來修飾、限定一個名詞(或者名詞詞組、句子),這樣的句子叫做定語從句。被修飾的名詞(詞組、句子)叫做先行詞,連接定語從句和主句的叫做關系詞,即that。關系詞分為兩類,關系代詞(that which who whom whose)和關系副詞(when where why),關系詞在從句中起三個作用——指代前面先行詞,連接從句和主句,在定語從句中作成分。
前置定語的識別:adj. + n. (比較容易判斷)
后置定語的識別:形容詞短語(adj. + prep. + n./prep.)
e.g. A book useful for your management 一本有助你進行管理的書。
介詞短語(prep. + n./pron.)
分詞短語(ving/ved + prep. + n./pron.)
e.g. A person walking on the road.
動詞不定式(to do sth.)
e.g. A way to solve the problem.
表語形容詞(alike, alive, alone)
注:不定代詞只能用后置定語修飾
四.狀語
首先需要強調的是狀語修飾非名詞,狀語的位置比較隨意。可以充當狀語的成分比較多,有副詞,e.g. He secretly decided to leave the room.
介詞短語e.g. We have friends all over the world.
不定式(短語)I went there to see my grandmother.
分詞(短語)現(xiàn)在分詞e.g. Being a poor teacher, he can't afford to buy a car.
過去分詞e.g. He entered, accompanied by his son.
形容詞e.g. He said nothing but sat silent smoking.
詞組e.g. I shall stay another five months.
復合結構e.g. It being a holiday, the library isn't open.
從句e.g. Next time you come in, please close the door.
有的時候名詞也可以作狀語e.g. We've been waiting hours waiting for you.