大學(xué)英語自學(xué)教程 unit 16

[00:00.00]Unit 16 text A [00:04.41]Heart Disease: Treat or Prevent ? [00:07.04]心臟?。褐委熯€是預(yù)防？ [00:09.67]One of the greatest killers in the Western world is heart disease. [00:13.10]西方世界的最大殺手之一就是心臟病。 [00:16.54]The death rate from the disease [00:18.86]因心臟病造成的死亡率 [00:21.19]has been increasingat an alarming speed for the past thirty years. [00:25.01]在過去30年中一直以驚人的速度增加。 [00:28.84]Today in Britain, for example, [00:31.06]例如現(xiàn)在英國 [00:33.28]about four hundred peoplea day die of heart disease. [00:36.47]每天大約有400人死于心臟病。 [00:39.65]Western health-care systems are spending [00:42.14]西方的衛(wèi)生保健系統(tǒng)每年都耗費 [00:44.62]huge sums of moneyon the surgical treatment of the disease. [00:48.25]大量的金錢于該病的外科治療。 [00:51.88]This emphasis on treatment [00:54.26]這種對治療的強調(diào) [00:56.63]is dearly associated with the technological advances that have taken place in the past ten to fifteen years. [01:02.16]顯然是與過去10-15年中出現(xiàn)的技術(shù)進步聯(lián)系在一起的。 [01:07.68]In this time, [01:09.60]在這段時間里， [01:11.52]modem technology has enabled doctors to develop new surgical techniques and procedures. [01:16.24]現(xiàn)代技術(shù)已能使醫(yī)生研究出新的外科治療技術(shù)和方法。 [01:20.95]Many operations that were considered impossible a few years ago [01:24.28]幾年前被認為是不可能實施的很多手術(shù) [01:27.61]are now performed every day in U.S.hospitals. [01:30.64]現(xiàn)在美國的醫(yī)院里每天都做。 [01:33.68]The result has been a rapid in heart surgery. [01:37.06]其結(jié)果是心臟手術(shù)數(shù)量的迅速增加。 [01:40.44]Although there is no doubt that a large number of people benefit from heart surgery, [01:44.41]雖然很多人無疑受益于心臟外科手術(shù)， [01:48.38]critics of our health-care systems point out that [01:51.65]批評我們衛(wèi)生保健系統(tǒng)的人指出， [01:54.91] the emphasis on the surgical treatment of the diseasehas three clear disadvantages. [01:59.69]強調(diào)對心臟病進行外科手術(shù)有三個明顯的不利之處。 [02:04.47]First,it attracts interest and financial resources away from the question of prevention. [02:10.36]第一，它把我們的興趣和財力引離預(yù)防。 [02:16.25]Second,it causes the costs of general hospital care to rise. [02:20.67]第二，它使得醫(yī)院總的醫(yī)護費用增加。 [02:25.08]After hospitals buy the expensivc equipment that is necessary for modern heart surgery, [02:29.17]醫(yī)院購買了進行現(xiàn)代化的外科手術(shù)所必需的昂貴設(shè)備之后， [02:33.26]they must try to recover the money they have spent. [02:36.13]必須設(shè)法收回它花掉的錢。 [02:39.01]To do this, they raise costs for all their patients, [02:42.64]要做到這一點，醫(yī)院提高了所有病人的費用， [02:46.27]not just those patients whose treatment requires the equipment. [02:49.55]而不僅是那些需要用這些設(shè)備治療的病人。 [02:52.83]The third disadvantage is that doctors are encouraged to perform surgery [02:57.01]第三個不利之處是鼓勵醫(yī)生做外科手術(shù)， [03:01.19]even on patients for whom an operation is not at all necessary [03:05.27]甚至對那些完全不需要手術(shù)的病人也是如此， [03:09.36]because the equipment and surgical expertise is available. [03:12.63]因為已經(jīng)成為具備了設(shè)備和進行外科手術(shù)的知識和本領(lǐng)。 [03:15.89]A federal government office recently said that major heart surgery [03:19.72]聯(lián)邦政府的一個辦公室最近聲稱， [03:23.55]was often performed even though its chances of success were low. [03:27.12]醫(yī)院常常進行重大的心臟外科手術(shù)，即使這些手術(shù)的成功率很低。 [03:30.70]In One type of heart surgery,for example [03:33.19]例如有一種心臟外科手術(shù)， [03:35.67]only 15 percent of patients benefited from the surgery. [03:39.39]只有百分之十五的病人從中受益。 [03:43.11]In the recent past, medical researchers have begun to emphasize the fact [03:47.38]最近一段時間，醫(yī)療研究人員已經(jīng)開始強調(diào) [03:51.65]that heart disease is associated with stress, [03:54.74]心臟病與緊張， [03:57.82]smoking and a lack of exercise [04:00.80]吸煙和缺乏體育鍛煉有關(guān)， [04:03.77]and we can often reduce the risk of heart disease by paying more attention to these factors. [04:08.15]我們?nèi)绺幼⒁膺@些因素常常就能減少得心臟病的危險。 [04:12.53]More and more people [04:14.51]越來越多的人正認識到， [04:16.50]are realizing that there is a connection between heart disease and the way they live. [04:20.77]在心臟病和他們的生活方式之間存在一種聯(lián)系。 [04:25.04]As a result of this new awareness,attitudes toward health are changing [04:28.81]由于有了這種新的認識，對待健康的態(tài)度正在改變。 [04:32.59]In the past, [04:34.52]過去人們總是認為， [04:36.45]people tended to think that it was sufficient for good health to have a good doctor who could be relied on to know exactly what to do when they became ill. [04:42.93]要想身體好，能依靠個好大夫，生病的時候準(zhǔn)確地知道怎么做就足夠了。 [04:49.41]Now they are realizing that merely receiving the best treatment for illness or injury is not enough. [04:54.94]現(xiàn)在他們認識到，生病或受傷的時候僅僅接受最好的治療是不夠的。 [05:00.46]They are learning that they must take more responsibility for their own health. [05:04.68]他們正在懂得，他們應(yīng)為自己的健康承擔(dān)起更多的責(zé)任。 [05:08.90]Today many people are changing their dietary habits and eating food with less fat and cholesterol. [05:14.07]今天很多人正在改變他們的飲食習(xí)慣并且吃含有較少脂肪和膽固醇的食物。 [05:19.24]Many are paying more attention to reducing stress in their lives. [05:22.96]很多人注意減輕他們生活的緊張程度。 [05:26.69]The number of smokers in the United States is now far below the level of twenty years ago [05:32.42]現(xiàn)在美國吸煙的人的數(shù)目比20年前少得多， [05:38.16]as many people succeed in breaking the habit and as fewer people take it up [05:42.69]因為很多人成功地戒掉了吸煙的習(xí)慣和更少的人染上吸煙的習(xí)慣。 [05:47.22]More and more people are aware of the benefits of regularexercise like walking, [05:51.61]越來越多的人認識到經(jīng)常進行鍛煉，如走路、 [05:56.00]running,or swimming; [05:58.18]跑步或游泳的好處。 [06:00.36]some have begun to walk or ride bicycles to work instead of driving. [06:04.08]有些人已經(jīng)成不再開車，而是步行或騎自行車去上班。 [06:07.80]Millions have become members of health clubs [06:10.44]幾百萬人已成為健康俱樂部的會員， [06:13.08]and have made health clubs one of the fastest growing businesses in the united States today. [06:17.56]使健康俱樂部成了當(dāng)今美國發(fā)展最迅速的事業(yè)之一。 [06:22.04]And now the benficial effects of thess changing attitudesand behaviors are beginning to appear; [06:26.96]這些態(tài)度和行為的轉(zhuǎn)變現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)開始顯示出有益的效果： [06:31.89]an encouraging decrease in deaths from heart disease. [06:35.43]因患心臟病而死亡的人數(shù)令人感到鼓舞地減少了。 [06:38.97]Text B [06:41.89]Dieting Your Way to Health [06:43.92]節(jié)食，通向健康之路 [06:45.94]Almost everyone considers going on a diet sometime in his or her life [06:49.03]幾乎每個人都在一生中某個時刻都會考慮節(jié)食。 [06:52.11]All, regardless of sex and age, [06:54.34]所有的人，不管年齡特和性別， [06:56.57]have something in commonlosing weight and losing it fast. [06:59.54]都有一個共同之處———這就是減輕體重，并且減得快些。 [07:02.50]Though their common aim may seem basically good, [07:04.92]雖然他們的共同目的看來基本是好的， [07:07.34]they probably do not realize that misguided dieting [07:09.96]但他們大概沒有認識到，誤導(dǎo)的節(jié)食 [07:12.59]can do more harm than good to their health: [07:14.87]對身體健康的害處可能比好處大。 [07:17.16]Going on too strict a diet [07:19.08]過分節(jié)食 [07:21.00]can destroy the balance of chemicalsin the human body. [07:23.43]能夠破壞身體內(nèi)部化學(xué)成分的平衡。 [07:25.86]This happens because when the body is suddenly given much less food than usual, [07:28.98]這種現(xiàn)象之所以發(fā)生是因為如果供給身體的食物突然比平常減少許多， [07:32.10]it feels as though it is being attacked [07:34.18]身體會感到它仿佛受到攻擊， [07:36.25]and tries hard to protect itself by saving energy. [07:38.93]于是就努力節(jié)省能量來保護自己。 [07:41.61]It does this by slowing down metabolism, [07:44.18]它這樣做是通過減緩新陳代謝， [07:46.76]the process by which the food we eat is converted into energy. [07:49.68]即食物轉(zhuǎn)化成能量的過程。 [07:52.61]As energy is supplied to the body at a slower and slower rate, [07:55.59]由于能量供給身體的速度愈來愈慢， [07:58.56]dieters gradually become so weak that they can do nothing. [08:01.29]節(jié)食者們的身體就日漸衰弱，以至什么事情都無力去做。 [08:04.02]They soon lose interest in everything going on about them, [08:06.66]他們很快對身邊發(fā)生的一切都失去興趣， [08:09.30]and their resistance to illness becomes so low [08:11.78]他們對疾病的抵抗力變得如此之小， [08:14.26]that they are easily attacked by one illness after another. [08:17.04]以致他們很容易接連不斷地得病。 [08:19.83]Most of those who diet know that foods like rice, [08:22.41]大部分節(jié)食的人都知道，像米飯、 [08:25.00]bread potatoes,cakes,sweets,fruits [08:28.42]面包、土豆、蛋糕、糖果、水果 [08:31.84]and some vegetables contain carbohydrates, and so can make one fat. [08:34.96]以及某些蔬菜這樣的食物含有碳水化合物，所以能使人發(fā)胖。 [08:38.09]What they do not realize, however, [08:40.16]然而他們沒有認識到， [08:42.24]is that carbohydratesare our bodies' main source of energy, [08:44.97]碳水化合物是我們身體的主要能源， [08:47.70]and that these foods also contain components [08:50.08]并且這些食物還含有一些成分， [08:52.45]essential for the composition of substances [08:54.83]這些成分對構(gòu)成保持身體健康 [08:57.21]that are needed to keep the body healthy. [08:59.28]所需要的物質(zhì)是必不可少的。 [09:01.36]As a result,they try to avoid eating these foods, [09:03.99]因為他們不認識這一點，所以他們盡量避免吃這些食物， [09:06.61]and consequently, they become weaker and less healthy. [09:09.64]結(jié)果身體變?nèi)?，健康變差? [09:12.67]They begin to have difficulty sleeping properly [09:15.01]他們開始睡不好覺， [09:17.35]and start to suffer from radical mood changes. [09:19.69]并且情緒開始發(fā)生根本變化。 [09:22.02]In more serious cases,they even begin to show signs of mental illness. [09:25.15]更為嚴重的情況是，他們甚至開始表現(xiàn)出精神病的征兆。 [09:28.27]It is strange enough that most strict diets [09:30.45]很奇怪，大部分嚴格規(guī)定的食物中 [09:32.63]recommend artificial sweetenersto take the place of sugar [09:35.36]都建議用人工甜味劑代替糖 [09:38.09]and other natural sweeteners. [09:39.87]和其他的天然甜味劑。 [09:41.64]In fact, such artificial sweeteners actually increase one's appetite [09:44.92]事實上，人工添加劑會增加人們的食欲， [09:48.20]and lead to one's eating even mom than usual. [09:50.63]使他們甚至比平常吃得還多。 [09:53.06]Of course, the fact that misguided forms of dieting resultin so many problems [09:56.28]當(dāng)然，訓(xùn)導(dǎo)的節(jié)食產(chǎn)生如此多的問題 [09:59.51]does not mean that no dieting is safeor all dieting is harmful to the health. [10:03.08]并不意味著所有的節(jié)食都不安全或者所有的節(jié)食都對身體有害。 [10:06.64]Proper dieting can not only help a person me ugly excess fat, [10:10.18]恰當(dāng)?shù)墓?jié)食不僅能幫助一個人去掉難看的多余脂肪， [10:13.72]but can also help him or her to keep it off [10:16.36]并還能幫助他或她使減少的脂肪不會反彈， [10:19.00]and to lead a more activehappier and healthier life. [10:22.08]從而過一個更活躍、更幸福，更健康的生活。 [10:25.16]You might ask just what a proper diet is. [10:27.34]你可能會問什么是恰當(dāng)?shù)墓?jié)食。 [10:29.52]Well, simply expressed, a proper healthy diet is one that is well-balanced, [10:32.91]簡而言之，恰當(dāng)?shù)慕】档墓?jié)食就是平衡的節(jié)食， [10:36.29]or, in other words, one that includes enough [10:38.82]或者，換句話說， [10:41.36]but not too many of the kinds of foods that provide the body [10:44.58]這種飲食的食物種類不是過多， [10:47.81]with the nutrients that it needs to function properly. [10:50.15]而是足以提供給身體正常運行所需的營養(yǎng)。 [10:52.49]The most important of these nutrients are the macronutrients proteins, [10:55.36]這些營養(yǎng)中最重要的是大量營養(yǎng)素： [10:58.23]carbohydrates and fats. [11:00.95]蛋白質(zhì)、碳水化合物和脂肪。 [11:03.67]The body needs fairly large amounts of proteins and carbohydrates [11:06.63]人體需要相當(dāng)大量的蛋白質(zhì)， [11:09.60]for building material and energy. [11:11.58]和脂肪構(gòu)成人體的物質(zhì)和能源。 [11:13.57]Meat, fish, eggs, milk, cream, and nuts all contain proteins [11:17.94]肉，魚，蛋，奶，奶油和果仁都含有蛋白質(zhì)， [11:22.32]and foods like rice, bread, potatoes, etc.contain carbohydrates. [11:26.25]而像米飯、面包、土豆等一類的食物則都含有碳水化合物。 [11:30.18]The body needs fat to keep it from the cold [11:32.61]人體需要脂肪酸來御寒 [11:35.04]and to provide a protective layer for the organs, [11:37.52]和給各個器官提供保護層， [11:40.00]but only in small quantities. [11:42.03]但需要量很少。 [11:44.05]Vitamins and minerals such as iron, calcium, [11:46.87]維生素和礦物質(zhì)，如鐵、鈣等， [11:49.69]are another group of essential nutrients, [11:51.92]是另一組基本養(yǎng)料， [11:54.14]though the body does not need as great a quantity of these [11:56.96]雖然人體對它們的需要不像對大量營養(yǎng)素 [11:59.78]as it does the macronutrients proteins, carbohydrates and fats. [12:03.11]（蛋白質(zhì)、碳水化合物和脂肪）的需要量那么大。 [12:06.44]There are two types of vitamins water-soluble vitamins and fatsoluble vitamins. [12:10.37]有兩種維生素：水溶性維生素和脂溶性維生素。 [12:14.30]Water-soluble vitamins like vitamin C and the B-group vitamins [12:17.58]水溶性維生素，如維生素C和B類維生素 [12:20.86]do not stay in the body long [12:22.78]在人體中停留的時間不長， [12:24.70]and so foods containing these vitamins need to be taken rather often. [12:27.64]所以需要經(jīng)常吃含有這些維生素的食物。 [12:30.58]On the other hand,the fat-soluble vitamins [12:33.36]另一方面，脂溶性維生素， [12:36.14]vitamins A,D,E and K stay in the body for long periods of time [12:40.76]如維生素A、D、E和K在人體中停留很長時間， [12:45.39]and so there is no need to take foods containing them so often. [12:48.61]所以沒有必要那么經(jīng)常吃含有這些維生素的食物。 [12:51.84]One way of getting enough nutrients while keeping one's weight down [12:54.78]能夠獲得足夠的營養(yǎng)但又能保持體重下降的一個辦法是吃代用品， [12:57.72]is to take substitutes for foods which contain too much fat. [13:00.75]來代替含有過多脂肪的食物。 [13:03.78]For example, instead of regular milk, one can take skimmed milk, [13:07.16]例如，可以喝脫脂奶而不喝普通奶， [13:10.54]which contains as many proteins minerals as regular milk [13:13.33]因為脫脂奶的蛋白質(zhì)和礦物質(zhì)與普通奶一樣多， [13:16.11]but has had the fat feinted, [13:18.24]但其中的脂肪已經(jīng)除掉了。 [13:20.37]In the same way, [13:22.00]同樣， [13:23.63]vegetable oil can be used for cooking instead of animal oil. [13:26.90]做菜時可以用植物油而不用動物油。

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