大學(xué)英語自學(xué)教程 unit 18
- Unit 18 text A
- Unit 18 text B
[00:00.00]Unit 18 text A
[00:04.88]Why Are Maps Drawn with North at the Top ?
[00:08.15]為什么地圖繪制得北方在上？
[00:11.42]Now it is hard to visualize a map that does not feature north at the top
[00:15.24]現(xiàn)在很難想像一幅不是北方朝上的地圖，
[00:19.07]but this was not always so.
[00:21.25]但過去的情況并不總是這樣。
[00:23.43]The oldest known map in the accepted sense of the world was drawn about 3,800 BC,
[00:28.21]現(xiàn)在被人們認(rèn)可的最古老的地圖繪制于大約公元前3800年
[00:32.99]and represents the river Euphrates flowing through northern Mesopotamia, Iraq.
[00:37.42]圖上顯示幼發(fā)拉底河流經(jīng)伊拉克的美索不達(dá)米亞平原北部。
[00:41.85]This,and others that followed it,
[00:44.23]這幅地圖以及
[00:46.60]were little more than rough sketches of localized features;
[00:49.63]后來的地圖比地方地理特征略圖好不了多少；
[00:52.66]it was not until many centuries later that the ancient Greeks placed
[00:56.49]直到許多世紀(jì)之后，古希臘人
[01:00.32]the science of map--making on a sound footing.
[01:03.29]才把地圖繪制學(xué)置于可靠的基礎(chǔ)之上。
[01:06.27]At the forefront of the pioneers in the field
[01:09.00]在此領(lǐng)域最早的先驅(qū)者首推
[01:11.73]was the Greek mathematician philopher Claudius Ptolemaeus (c.AD 90-168),
[01:17.02]希臘數(shù)學(xué)家和哲學(xué)家克勞迪’托勒密烏（約公元90年-168年）。
[01:22.31]more popularly known to history as Ptolemy.
[01:25.28]歷史上通常稱他為托勒密。
[01:28.24]The last great scientist of the classical period,
[01:31.21]他作為古典時(shí)期伯最后一位偉大的科學(xué)家
[01:34.17]he was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge,
[01:37.75]他第一個(gè)畫出以當(dāng)時(shí)所有的知識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的地圖，
[01:41.33]rather than guess or imagination.
[01:43.61]而不是基于猜測(cè)和想象。
[01:45.90]Earlier,the Babylonians had attempted to map the world,
[01:49.32]在此之前巴比倫人曾試圖繪制世界地圖，
[01:52.74]but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere,
[01:56.43]但他們把地圖繪在扁平盤上，
[02:00.11]which was the form adopted by Ptolemy.
[02:02.59]而非托勒密所采用的球體上。
[02:05.07]Given the state of knowledge of those times, he got things wrong;
[02:08.60]鑒于當(dāng)時(shí)人們的知識(shí)狀況，他把事情搞錯(cuò)了。
[02:12.13]for example,his estimate of China
[02:14.61]例如，他對(duì)中國
[02:17.09]and the Atlantic Oceanwas far from being accurate.
[02:20.17]和大西洋的估計(jì)遠(yuǎn)非準(zhǔn)確。
[02:23.26]Nevertheless,it was a useful effort
[02:25.68]可是，這是有用的嘗試。
[02:28.11]and the map remained a work of reference for over a thousand years.
[02:31.89]而且該地圖1000多年中一直是人們的參考資料。
[02:35.66]In fact, Christopher Columbus used a version of it
[02:38.34]事實(shí)上，克里斯托夫’哥倫布在探索新大陸的航行中
[02:41.02]when he set sail in search of the New World--
[02:43.50]曾使用過該地圖的一個(gè)版本。
[02:45.98]which caused him some navigational problems,
[02:48.62]這給他帶來了許多航海問題，
[02:51.26]since Ptolemy had calculated wrongly the size of the Atlantic
[02:55.03]因?yàn)橥欣彰苠e(cuò)誤地計(jì)算了大西洋的大小，
[02:58.81]and was unaware that the Pacific Ocean existed.
[03:01.79]并且對(duì)太平洋的存在一無所知。
[03:04.76]The really important thing about Ptolemy's map was that north was at the top
[03:09.19]托勒密的地圖真正重要的地方是其北方朝上。
[03:13.62]The reason for this was that he decided to orientate the map in the
[03:17.69]其原因在于他決定以極星的方向給地圖定向
[03:21.77] direction of the Pole Star since Polaris was the immovable guiding light
[03:25.90]因?yàn)楸睒O星是那時(shí)航海者
[03:30.02]in which the voyagers of that era placed their trust.
[03:33.00]所信任的不變的導(dǎo)航燈。
[03:35.98]North at the top remained the accepted arrangement until the early Middle Ages
[03:40.16]直到教會(huì)勢(shì)力開始嚴(yán)重干涉科學(xué)進(jìn)步的中世經(jīng)，
[03:44.34]when the Church began to interfere seriously with the advance of science.
[03:48.17]地圖北方朝上一直是為人們所接受的布局。
[03:51.99]In accordance with the orders of the Church,
[03:54.36]按照教會(huì)的命令，
[03:56.72]maps were still produced in accordance with Ptolemy's principles
[04:00.16]地圖仍然按托勒密的原則繪制，
[04:03.59]but now Jerusalem was the central feature,
[04:06.41]但是必須以耶路撒冷國中心，
[04:09.23]as it was held to be the center of the Christian faith
[04:12.06]因?yàn)橐啡隼浔徽J(rèn)為是基督教信仰的中心。
[04:14.88]and east was moved to the top.
[04:17.10]于是東方被移到上面。
[04:19.32]These maps are often called "T" Maps because they show only
[04:23.14]這些地圖經(jīng)常被稱為“T”形地圖，
[04:26.97]three continents--Europe, Asia and Africa--separated by the "T"
[04:30.75]因?yàn)樗鼈冎槐憩F(xiàn)三大洲——歐洲、亞洲和非洲
[04:34.52]formed by the Mediterranean Sea and the River Nile.
[04:37.39]被地中海和尼羅河所構(gòu)成的“T”形所分開。
[04:40.27]From a navigational point of view, they were almost useless.
[04:43.83]從航海的觀點(diǎn)看，它們幾乎一無所用。
[04:47.40]More accurate maps began to appear in the 14th century,
[04:50.59]隨著貿(mào)易的發(fā)展和對(duì)羅盤的日益依賴，
[04:53.77]with the spread of trade and increasing reliance on the compass.
[04:57.10]更精確的地圖直到14世紀(jì)開媽出現(xiàn)。
[05:00.43]Once again, north assumed its rightful place at the top of maps.
[05:04.12]北方再一次恢復(fù)了其在地圖上方的合理位置。
[05:07.80]Text B
[05:10.86]You Have a Choice
[05:12.69]你面臨選擇
[05:14.51]Two trains are traveling side by sideand at the same speed along parallel tracks.
[05:18.39]兩列火車在平行的軌道上同速并駕齊驅(qū)。
[05:22.27]We are seated in one of the trains,
[05:24.55]我們坐在其中的一列車上，
[05:26.82]and with us we have a special speedometer that measures their relative speed
[05:30.04]并且隨身帶了一個(gè)特殊的測(cè)速表來測(cè)量它們的相對(duì)速度。
[05:33.27]Since the trains are traveling at the same speedtheir relative speed is zero;
[05:37.10]因?yàn)檫@們是同速行駛，它們的相對(duì)速度為零；
[05:40.92]the speedometer therefore reads "0."
[05:43.65]因此，速度表的讀數(shù)是“0“。
[05:46.38]Suddenly the other train seems to start pulling ahead of ours.
[05:49.41]突然，另一列火車似乎開始趕到我們這列車的前面去了。
[05:52.44]The speedometer shows a reading of 10 miles per hour.
[05:55.27]速度表讀數(shù)為10英里每小時(shí)。
[05:58.09]The other train has apparently increased its speed.
[06:00.52]這一列車顯然增加了速度。
[06:02.95]But can we be absolutely certain of this increase?
[06:05.48]但是我們能夠絕對(duì)地肯定這一點(diǎn)嗎？
[06:08.01]If your answer is yes, you are wrong.
[06:10.64]如果你的答案為“是”，你就錯(cuò)了。
[06:13.26]You are wrong because all that we know
[06:15.50]你錯(cuò)了是因?yàn)槲覀冎赖?br /> [06:17.73]is that the relative speedbetween the two trains
[06:20.36]只不過是兩列車的相對(duì)速度
[06:22.98]changed from 0 mph to 10 mph.
[06:25.71]從0英里每小時(shí)增加到10英里每小時(shí)。
[06:28.44]Nothing more.
[06:30.03]僅此而已
[06:31.63]This change could have been brought about in one of two ways:
[06:34.71]這個(gè)變化可以由下列二者之一引起：
[06:37.79]1.The other train increased its speed.
[06:40.61]1。另一列車加了速度；
[06:43.44]2.Our train decreased its speed.
[06:46.07]2。我們的列車減慢了速度。
[06:48.71]There are thus two possible explanations
[06:50.89]因此，有兩種可能的解釋說明這一速度的變化，
[06:53.07]to account for the change in speed we don't know which one is right.
[06:56.01]但是我們不知道哪一種是對(duì)的。
[06:58.95]Furthermore, regardless of which explanation we choose,
[07:01.77]此外，不管我們選擇哪一種解釋，
[07:04.59]the end result will be the same:
[07:06.57]結(jié)果都是一樣的：
[07:08.54]the other train will arrive at the station first.
[07:10.96]另一列車將先到達(dá)車站。
[07:13.37]So it makes no difference whether we say that the other trainincreased its speed
[07:16.45]所以我們無論是說另一列車提速了
[07:19.54]or that our train decreased its speed.
[07:21.56]還是我們的車減速了都沒有區(qū)別。
[07:23.59]Since both explanations lead to the same result you can choose either one.
[07:26.72]既然兩種解釋都帶來相同的結(jié)果，你可以任選其一。
[07:29.85]Whenever two things are relative, you can choose either one of them.
[07:32.83]每當(dāng)兩個(gè)事物是相對(duì)的時(shí)候，你都可以任選其一。
[07:35.81]The converse is also true:
[07:36.83]反之亦然，
[07:37.85]whenever you have a choice between two things that are equally possible
[07:40.67]即每當(dāng)你面臨兩個(gè)具有相同可能性的事物時(shí)，
[07:43.49]then the things are relative.
[07:45.57]這兩個(gè)事物就是相對(duì)的。
[07:47.64]There is no reason, except convenience for choosing one explanation over the other.
[07:51.28]除非為了方便，否則沒有什么理由選一舍一。
[07:54.91]The relative speed between the trains remains the same, 10 mph;
[07:58.15]兩列火車的相對(duì)速度每小時(shí)10英里保持不變；
[08:01.38]and the end result will be the same.
[08:03.51]并且最終結(jié)果也將是一樣的。
[08:05.64]Now let's suppose that both trains are at the railroad station
[08:08.42]現(xiàn)在我們假設(shè)兩列火車都停在車站，
[08:11.21]loading and unloading passengers and baggage.
[08:13.54]下旅客和裝卸行李。
[08:15.88]A half-hour passes.
[08:17.71]半小時(shí)過去了。
[08:19.54]As we look at the other train through our window,
[08:21.67]當(dāng)我們從車窗看另一列火車時(shí)，
[08:23.80]we see that our train seems to start moving, smoothly and slowly.
[08:27.02]我們看到自己的車好像開始平穩(wěn)而緩慢地移動(dòng)。
[08:30.25]For a minute or so, our train seems to travel at a uniform speed.
[08:33.63]一分鐘左右以后，我們的火車似乎在勻速行駛。
[08:37.02]Our special speedometer
[08:38.99]我們的特殊的速度表
[08:40.96]shows that the relative speed between the two trains is 20 mph.
[08:44.38]顯示兩列車的相對(duì)速度是20英里每小時(shí)。
[08:47.80]But as we look out our window,
[08:49.83]但是當(dāng)我們又往窗外看時(shí)，
[08:51.85]we suddenly see the last coach of the other train
[08:54.49]突然發(fā)現(xiàn)另一列火車的末節(jié)車廂從視野里消失，
[08:57.13]disappear from sight and notice the motionless station behind it.
[09:00.07]并且看到車站被除數(shù)留在后面一動(dòng)不動(dòng)。
[09:03.01]So we are not moving after all.
[09:05.03]所以我們根本沒有移動(dòng)。
[09:07.06]The other train has been moving!
[09:08.83]是另一列車在移動(dòng)！
[09:10.61]This peculiar and often frustrating experienceis an effect of relative motion.
[09:13.99]這種奇怪又常令人尷尬的經(jīng)歷是相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)果。
[09:17.37]At the train station we cannot tell whether it was our train
[09:20.65]在車站上我們分不清是我們的車
[09:23.93]that changed its speed from 0 mph to 20 mph or whether it was the other train
[09:28.16]還是另一列車從0英里每小時(shí)
[09:32.40]that changed its speed from 0 mph to 20 mph.
[09:35.48]變速為20英里每小時(shí)。
[09:38.56]Only after the other train pulled out of the'station could we see that it
[09:41.59]只是在另一列火車駛出車站以后，
[09:44.62]and not our train, was moving.
[09:46.75]我們才發(fā)現(xiàn)并非我們的車在動(dòng)。
[09:48.88]Now let us again raise the question
[09:50.81]現(xiàn)在讓我們?cè)僖淮翁岢霰疚拈_頭所提出的問題：
[09:52.74]that was raised at the beginning of this article
[09:54.82]在上述事例中我們
[09:56.90]can we be absolutely certain that the other train did indeed in crease its speed,
[10:00.23]能夠絕對(duì)肯定是另一列車確實(shí)擔(dān)速
[10:03.56]and in this case pull out of the station?
[10:05.53]并駛出車站了嗎？
[10:07.50]If your answer is yes, then you are wrong again.
[10:09.99]如果你回答“是”，你又錯(cuò)了。
[10:12.47]All we can be certain of
[10:14.70]所有我們能肯定的
[10:16.93]is that the relative speed between the two trains changed.
[10:19.45]只是兩列車的相對(duì)速度改變了。
[10:21.98]These examples illustrate an important principlein the spedal theory of relativity.
[10:25.21]這些例子說明了狹義相對(duì)論的一項(xiàng)重要原則。
[10:28.45]If A appears to be moving at a steady speed relative to B,
[10:31.24]如果A看上去以相對(duì)于B穩(wěn)定的速度運(yùn)動(dòng)，
[10:34.02]we cannot know for sure if it is A that is really moving.
[10:36.96]我們并不能確定是否A真的在動(dòng)。
[10:39.90]Perhaps A is standing still, and B is moving.
[10:42.77]也許A靜止不動(dòng)，而B在動(dòng)。
[10:45.64]Or perhaps both are moving.
[10:47.47]或者也許兩者都在動(dòng)。
[10:49.30]According to relativity,
[10:51.04]根據(jù)相對(duì)論，
[10:52.77]there is no experiment that can be devised to solve the prolem.
[10:55.60]設(shè)計(jì)不出任何一方一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)來解決這個(gè)問題，
[10:58.42]As there is no way of deciding which of the two objects is moving,
[11:01.20]因?yàn)闊o法來判定兩個(gè)物體中的哪個(gè)在動(dòng)，
[11:03.98]we can choose either one as the moving object.
[11:06.41]我們可以選擇任何一個(gè)當(dāng)作運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體。
[11:08.84]The reason is that their motion is relative, and relativity,
[11:11.92]其原因是在于它們運(yùn)動(dòng)是相對(duì)的；
[11:15.00]as we have seen, means that we have a choice.
[11:17.63]而相對(duì)性，正如我們所看到的那樣，意味著我們面臨選擇。
[11:20.25]This principle--that if two objects are in uniform motionrelative to each other,
[11:23.79]如果兩個(gè)物體彼此相對(duì)勻速運(yùn)行，
[11:27.33]it is impossible to decide which one's moving and which one is at rest
[11:30.31]是不可能判定哪個(gè)在動(dòng)，哪個(gè)是靜止的，
[11:33.29]applies to all objects moving uniformlyin a straight line through the universe.
[11:36.76]這個(gè)原則通過適合于所有在宇宙中直線勻速運(yùn)行的物體。
[11:40.24]In relativity you'll find that whenever you have a choice among
[11:43.52]在相對(duì)論里，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)每當(dāng)你在兩種具有相同
[11:46.80]things that are equally possible,
[11:48.78]可能性的事物中做出選擇的時(shí)候，
[11:50.77]you are dealing with relative things.
[11:52.95]你都在與相對(duì)的事物打交道。
[11:55.13]For example, time, which is measured with clocks and watches,
[11:58.85]例如，用鐘和表來測(cè)量的時(shí)間是相對(duì)的，
[12:02.57]is relative because it can be shown that there is more than one system of time.
[12:05.66]因?yàn)榭梢钥闯鲇胁恢灰环N時(shí)間系統(tǒng)。
[12:08.74]All systems of time are equally possible and you can choose any system you wish.
[12:12.37]所有時(shí)間系統(tǒng)都具有同樣的可能性，進(jìn)而你可以任選其一。
