國際關系英語詞匯大全Unit 27

　　英語單詞講解 unit 27

　　1.Energy crisis

　　An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. In popular literature though, it often refers to one of the energy sources used at a certain time and place, particularly those that supply national electricity grids or serve as fuel for vehicles. There has been an enormous increase in the global demand for energy in recent years as a result of industrial development and population growth. Since the early 2000s the demand for energy, especially from liquid fuels, and limits on the rate of fuel production has created such a bottleneck leading to the current energy crisis.

　　1.能源危機

　　能源危機是指因為能源供應短缺或是價格上漲而影響經濟，通常涉及到石油，電力或其他自然資源的短缺。能源危機通常會使得經濟休克。很多突如其來的經濟衰退通常就是由能源危機引起的。事實上，電力的生產價格的上漲導致生產成本的增加。汽車或其他交通工具所使用的石油產品價格的上漲降低了消費者的信心和增加了他們的開銷。

　　2.Uruguay Round

　　The Uruguay Round was the 8th round of multilateral trade negotiations (MTN) conducted within the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), spanning from 1986 to 1994 and embracing 123 countries as "contracting parties". The Round led to the creation of the World Trade Organization, with GATT remaining as an integral part of the WTO agreements. The broad mandate of the Round had been to extend GATT trade rules to areas previously exempted as too difficult to liberalize (agriculture, textiles) and increasingly important new areas previously not included (trade in services, intellectual property, investment policy trade distortions). The Round came into effect in 1995 with deadlines ending in 2000 (2004 in the case of developing country contracting parties) under the administrative direction of the newly created World Trade Organization (WTO).

　　2.烏拉圭回合

　　烏拉圭回合，是關稅及貿易總協(xié)定(簡稱“關貿總協(xié)定”)的國際商討中，最近一次也是最重要的一次國際協(xié)定，歷時7年半(從1986年9月至1994年4月)，參與各方于1994年簽訂了馬拉喀什協(xié)議，并于次年(1995年)成立世界貿易組織(WTO)。烏拉圭回合的討論涉及以下領域：1)基礎電信;2)金融服務;3)農業(yè);4)服務。

　　3.Surplus value

　　Surplus value is a central concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy. Marx did not himself invent the term, he developed the concept. "Surplus value" is a translation of the German word "Mehrwert", which simply means value added (sales revenue less the cost of materials used up). Conventionally, value-added is equal to the sum of gross wage income and gross profit income. However, Marx's use of this concept is different, because for Marx, the Mehrwert refers to the yield, profit or return on production capital invested, i.e. the amount of the increase in the value of capital. Hence, Marx's use of Mehrwert has always been translated as "surplus value", distinguishing it from "value-added". According to Marx's theory, surplus value is equal to the new value created by workers in excess of their own labour-cost, which is appropriated by the capitalist as profit when products are sold.

　　3.剩余價值

　　剩余價值根據(jù)馬克思主義理論是指剝削自勞動者勞動價值中的利潤(勞動價值和工資之間的差異)，即“勞動者創(chuàng)造的被資產階級無償占有的勞動”。關于剩余價值，社會主義國家按照馬克思主義的觀點認為，剩余價值應該歸無產階級所有。