劉文勇GRE寫作Argument題庫(kù) Day 40

Day 40 Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium—substances essential for building and maintaining bones

Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium— substances essential for building and maintaining bones. Many people therefore say that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis, a disease that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors and that causes the bones to weaken significantly with age. But a long-term study of a large number of people found that those who consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study. Since bone fractures are symptomatic of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

五問：

（1）“this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis”是結(jié)論，其余部分是事實(shí)，值得反駁嗎？

（2）同學(xué)們應(yīng)該注意到：本文使用了一項(xiàng)調(diào)查研究作為主要論據(jù)，那么肯定應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)該論據(jù)的有效性進(jìn)行駁斥。盡管我們經(jīng)常對(duì)一項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)行的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短以及所選樣本的數(shù)量進(jìn)行反駁，但是在本段中，這兩點(diǎn)值得反駁嗎？（這兩點(diǎn)在原文中都已經(jīng)被額外地強(qiáng)化，繼續(xù)反駁會(huì)顯得有些死纏爛打。）

（3）樣本的選擇存在這樣一個(gè)問題：食用奶制品的人群可以代表所有的人嗎？食用奶制品的人群是否可能具有其他方面的特點(diǎn)？比如：他們更有可能是自身缺鈣的人群。這樣的結(jié)論會(huì)如何影響樣本的有效性？食用奶制品更少的人群是否更可能是那些并不缺鈣、身體更好的人群？

（4）骨質(zhì)疏松癥一定是由缺鈣導(dǎo)致的嗎？是否還有其他原因？例如糖尿病也會(huì)引發(fā)骨質(zhì)疏松。

（5）發(fā)生骨折的原因有很多，缺鈣當(dāng)然是其中一種，你能再羅列出其他幾種可能導(dǎo)致骨折的原因嗎？一個(gè)熱衷于體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的群體，比如青少年，更有可能發(fā)生骨折現(xiàn)象，能夠簡(jiǎn)單地得出這個(gè)群體缺鈣的結(jié)論嗎？