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薄冰英語語法 第五章 數(shù)詞

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  第五章 數(shù)詞

  5.1 數(shù)詞的定義和種類

  表示數(shù)目多少或順序先后的詞叫做數(shù)詞(numeral)。數(shù)詞與不定式代詞很相似,其用法相當于名詞與形容詞。

  數(shù)詞有兩種。表示數(shù)目多少的數(shù)詞叫做基數(shù)詞(cardinal numeral),如 one,ten,fifty-two等。表示順序先后的數(shù)詞叫做序數(shù)詞(ordinal numeral),如 first,tenth,fiftieth等。

  5.2 基數(shù)詞

  1)1-12的基數(shù)詞是:

  one 1, two 2, three 3, four 4, five 5, six 6, seven 7, eight 8, nine 9, ten 10, eleven 11, twelve 12.

  13-19,皆由3-9加后綴-teen構成,即:

  thirteen 13, fourteen 14, fifteen 15, sixteen 16, seventeen 17, eighteen 18, nineteen 19. (注意thirteen,fifteen,eighteen的拼法)

  20-90等十位數(shù)均由2-9加加后綴-ty構成,即:

  twenty 20, thirty 30, forty 40, fifty 50, sixty 60, seventy 70, eighty 80, ninety 90.

  21-29由十位數(shù)20加個位數(shù)1-9構成,中間須有連字符“-”,即:

  twenty-one 21, twenty-two 22, twenty-three 23, twenty-four 24, twenty-five 25, twenty-six 26, twenty-seven 27, twenty-eight 28, twenty-nine 29.

  其它的十位數(shù)照些類推,如:

  thirty-one 31, forty- two 42, fifty-three 53, sixty- four 64, seventy-five 75, eighty-six 86, ninety-seven 97.

  2)百位數(shù)由1-9加hundred構成,如包含十位數(shù)及個位數(shù),中間用and連接,也可以不用;如只包含個位數(shù),即十位數(shù)為零時,則and不可省。如:

  a (one) hundred 100

  two hundred 200

  three hundred 300

  seven hundred and six 706

  a (one) hundred (and) twenty-five 125

  three hundred (and) forty-one 341

  nine hundred (and) eighty-seven 987

  twelve hundred 1200 (英語中從1100-1900之間的整數(shù)常用hundred表示)

  3)千位數(shù)由1-9加thousand構成,其后的百、十、個位數(shù)構成方法同前。如:

  a (one) thousand 1000

  two thousand 2000

  three thousand 3000

  five thousand six hundred 5600

  six thousand eight hundred 6800

  a (one) thousand one hundred (and) forty-nine 1149 (此處hundred之前不可用a )

  three thousand five hundred (and) thirty-seven 3537

  英語里沒有“萬”這一單位,萬也用thousand表示。如:

  ten thousand 10 000

  twenty thousand 20 000

  thirty thousand 30 000

  ten thousand one hundred 10 100

  twenty thousand two hundred (and) thirty 20 230

  forty thousand seven hundred (and) eighty-five 40 785

  fifty-five thousand four hundred (and) ninety-three 55 493

  十萬的說法是:

  a (one) hundred thousand 100 000

  two hundred thousand 200 000

  three hundred thousand 300 000

  one hundred and one thousand 101 000 (此處thousand之前不可用a )

  two hundred twenty thousand 220 000

  three hundred forty thousand five hundred 340 500

  four hundred sixty-two thousand seven hundred (and) eighty-nine 462 789

  4)百萬的說法是:

  a (one) million 1 000 000

  two million 2 000 000

  three million 3 000 000

  two million three hundred thousand 2 300 000

  three million four hundred twenty-one thousand five hundred 3 421 500

  four million five hundred thirty-five thousand six hundred (and) fifty-nine 4 535 659

  千萬及千萬以上的說法是:

  sixty million 6千萬

  five hundred million 5億

  eight thousand million 80億(等于美國英語eight billion)

  thirty thousand million 3百億(等于美國英語thirty billion)

  a (one) hundred thousand million 1千億(等于美國英語a (one) hundred billion)

  [注]英國英語的billion=1 000 000 000 000,即10的12次方,等于美國英語的trillion?,F(xiàn)在英國也有人采用美國用法,故英國計量局認為最好避免使用billion,trillion(美制10的12次方,英制10的15次方)和quadrillion((美制10的15次方,英制10的18次方)。

  5)基數(shù)詞相當于名詞,可有復數(shù)形式,其構成方法及讀音與名詞相同。hundred,thousand,million的復數(shù)形式常后接of短語,表示不確定數(shù)目。如:

  two threes 兩個三

  a man in his forties 40多歲的人

  hundreds (thousands,millions) of dollars 成百(千,百萬)美元

  tens of thousands of people 成萬的人

  hundreds and hundreds of times 成百倍

  thousands upon thousands people 成千上萬的人

  [注] million的名詞性較強,故亦可說a million of times(百萬倍),two millions of people (2百萬人)等。

  如hundreds,thousands,millions的意義清楚,其后的of短語可省去。如:

  (1)Hundreds of thousands are homeless. 幾十萬人無家可歸。

  (2)Millions are starving. 成百萬人在挨餓。

  (3)The dollar revenues each year were undoubtedly in the tens of thousands. 每年美元歲收肯定以萬計。

  表示數(shù)量的dozens與scores的用法和hundreds,thousands相似。如:

  (4)I have told you dozens of times. 我跟你說過幾十次了。

  (5)They received scores of letters about their TV programs. 關于他們的電視節(jié)目,他們收到了大批來信。

  5.3基數(shù)詞的功用

  基數(shù)詞在句中可用作主語、表語、賓語、定語、同位語和狀語等。

  1)用作主語。如:

  (1)It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number. 據(jù)說13是一個不吉利的數(shù)目。

  (2)Three of them joined the school team. 他們中有三人參加了校隊。(如說the three of team 意謂“他們?nèi)?rdquo;)

  (3)Two twos are four. 二二得四。

  [注]There were eight of us in my family. 的意思是“我們家以前有八口人”,表示數(shù)人數(shù)的結果。of在此表同位關系。

  2)用作表語。如:

  (4)The boy is ten. 這男孩十歲了。(等于ten years old)

  (5)Five times five is twenty-five. 5乘5等于25。

  3)用作賓語。如:

  (6)The shop-assistant wears a nine on her uniform. 那個女售貨員的制服上戴著9號徽章。

  (7)It is worth four hundred. 這件東西值400。(等于400 pounds或dollars)

  (8)A fair used to be held here every day that had a seven in it. 過去這里每月逢七有集市。

  4)用作定語。如:

  (9)I have invited ten people to the party. 我邀請了10個人參加晚會。

  (10)I have told you a hundred and one times. 我跟你說過多少次了。

  [注]在the(a,that)100 metre race(那(一)項百米賽跑)中的100須讀作one hundred。

  5)用作同位語。如:

  (11)Are you two reading? 你們二人在看書嗎?

  (12)They three joining the school team. 他們?nèi)藚⒓恿诵j?/p>

  6)用作狀語。如:

  (13)I hate riding two on a bike. 我不喜歡騎自行車帶人。

  (14)People were three or four deep in the streets. 街上的人多達三或四層。

  (15)Sitting down thirteen at dinner is deemed unlucky in the Western world. 在四方,坐在13號用餐,被認為是不吉利的。

  5.4 序數(shù)詞

  英語序數(shù)詞第1-19除first,second與third有特殊形式外,其余均由基數(shù)詞加后綴-th構成?,F(xiàn)將第1-19序數(shù)詞(包括其縮寫式)列出如下:

  first 1st,second 2nd,third 3rd,fourth 4th,fifth 5th (fif加th),sixth 6th,seventh 7th,eighth 8th(后只加h),ninth 9th(nin加th),tenth 10th,eleventh 11th,twelfth 12th (twelf加th),thirteenth 13th,fourteenth 14th,fifteenth 15th,sixteenth 16th,seventeenth 17th,eighteenth 18th, nineteenth 19th。

  十位數(shù)的序數(shù)詞的構成方法是:先將十位數(shù)的基數(shù)詞的詞尾ty中的y變?yōu)閕,然后加后綴-eth。如:twentieth 20th,thirtieth 30th,fortieth 40th。

  十位數(shù)的序數(shù)詞如包含1-9的個位數(shù)時,十位數(shù)用基數(shù)詞,個位數(shù)用序數(shù)詞,中間須有連字符“-”。如:twenty-first 21st,thirty-second 32nd,forty-fourth 44th,eighty-seventh 87th。

  百、千、萬等的序數(shù)詞由hundred,thousand等加-th,前面加有關的基數(shù)詞構成。如:

  (one) hundredth 100th

  (one) thousandth 100th

  ten thousandth 10 000th

  (one) hundred thousandth 100 000th

  (one) millionth 1 000 000th

  ten millionth 10 000 000th

  (one) hundred millionth 100 000 000th

  (one) billionth 1 000 000 000th

  注意序數(shù)詞hundredth,thousandth, millionth, billionth之前的“一”只可用one,不可用a。

  這些多位數(shù)序數(shù)詞的后位數(shù)如包含1-9時,后位數(shù)用序數(shù)詞,前位數(shù)用基數(shù)詞,中間出現(xiàn)零時,須用and連接。如:

  two hundred and first 201st

  three thousand two hundred (and) twenty-first 3221th

  序數(shù)詞亦可有復數(shù)形式,其構成方法及讀音與名詞相同。

  5.5 序數(shù)詞的功用

  序數(shù)詞在句中可用作主語、表語、賓語、定語、同位語和狀語等。

  1)用作主語。如:

  (1)The first is better than the second. 第一個比第二個要好。

  (2)The first of October is our National Day. 10月1日是我們的國慶節(jié)。

  2)用作表語。如:

  (3)She was (the) fourth in the exam. 她考試得第四名。

  (4)She was the third to arrive. 她是第三個到達的。

  3)用作賓語。如:

  (5)He was among the first to arrive. 他是首批到達的。

  (6)He held up a piece of paper folded into fourths. 他拿起一張摺成四摺的紙。

  4)用作定語。如:

  (7)A third man entered the room. 又有第三個人進入房間。

  (8)January is the first month of the year. 正月是一年中的第一個月。

  [注]試比較:the first two chapters 最前的兩章;the two first prizes 兩個第一獎。

  5)用作同位語。如:

  (9)On Friday , the 10th instant, Mr. and Mrs. Cole celebrated their silver wedding-day. 科爾夫婦于本月10日星期五慶祝他們的銀婚。

  (10)Who is that man, the first in the front row? 前排第一個人是誰?

  6)用作狀語。如:

  (11)When did you first meet him? 你什么時候和他首次見面的?

  (12)He came second in the race. 他賽跑獲第二名。

  5.6 倍數(shù)、分數(shù)、小數(shù)和百分數(shù)的表示方法

  1)表示倍數(shù)的方法有多種。如:

  (1)Three threes are nine. 三三得九。

  (2)Three times three is nine. 3乘3得9。

  (3)How much (What) is three times three? 3乘3得多少?

  (4)This room is three times as large as that one. 這個房間有那個房間三個大。

  (5)This room is three times larger than that one. 這個房間比那個房間大兩倍。

  表示三以上的倍數(shù)用times,但表示兩倍(漢語中的一倍實際上也指兩倍)時則用twice,如:

  (6)Twice three is six. 二三得六。

  (7)This room is twice as large as that one. 這個房間有那個房間兩個大。

  (8)This room is twice large than that one. 這個房間比那個房間大一倍。

  表示倍數(shù)也可以用again,double,triple,quadruple,fold等詞。如:

  (9)My uncle is as old again as I am. 我叔叔的年齡比我大一倍。

  (10)The top-brand cigarettes are often sold at double the normal price here. 這里名牌香煙售價經(jīng)常比正常價高一倍。

  (11)Hunan, China’s leading live pig-exporting province, expects to export 42000 lean-meat pigs, quadruple the figure for 1985. 中國主要生豬出口省份湖南可望出口42萬只瘦肉豬,為1985年的四倍。

  (12)The value of the house has increased fourfold since 1939. 房價自1939年以來增加了三倍。

  表示增加多少倍可用百分比。如:

  (13)Population has increased by 200% in the past 25 years. 人口在過去25年內(nèi)增加了200%。

  (14)This shows a 300% increase over the previous year. 這說明比去年增加300%。

  如表“增加”用times與fold,則須注意英語要多說一倍,如說“增加了三倍”,則須用four times或fourfold。如:

  (15)Output of coal increased four times(或fourfold). 煤產(chǎn)量增加了三倍。

  (16)Output of coal was four times as great as that of last year. 煤產(chǎn)量比去年增加了三倍。

  2)表示分數(shù)時,分子須用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞。分子如是1以上,分母須用復數(shù)形式。如:1/3 讀作 a (one) third;2/3讀作 two thirds;1/4讀作a (one) quarter(或fourth);3/4 讀作 three quarters(或fourths;2/5讀作 two fifths;但是1/2須讀作a (one) half(不讀作one second)。

  數(shù)學中可都用基數(shù)詞讀,如:1/2讀作one over two;2/3讀作 two over three;3/4 讀作 three over four;11/20 讀作 eleven over twenty。尤其是較復雜的分數(shù)多用此讀法,如:27/283應讀作twenty-seven over two hundred (and) eighty-three。

  整數(shù)與分數(shù)之間須用and連接。如:5 1/2 讀作 five and a half;7 2/5 讀作 seven and two fifths。

  分數(shù)用作前置定語時,注意下列寫法與讀法:

  a one-third mile 三分之一英里(用one,后有連字符)

  a three-quarter majority 四分之三的多數(shù)(用單形quarter)

  a two-thirds majority 三分之二的多數(shù)期工程(用復形thirds)

  分數(shù)相當于名詞時,用不用連字符皆可。如:

  three-quarters (three quarters) of a mile 四分之三英里

  3)小數(shù)的讀法是:小數(shù)點前的基數(shù)詞與前面所講的基數(shù)詞讀法相同,小數(shù)點后則須將數(shù)字一一讀出。如:

  1.25 讀作 one point two five

  3.728 讀作 three point seven two eight

  0.56 讀作 (naught) (美國用zero) point five six

  0.009 讀作(naught) point naught naught nine (美國用zero代替naught)

  4)百分數(shù)中的百分號%讀作per cent。如:

  5% 讀作 five per cent

  0.5% 讀作 (naught) point five per cent

  300% 讀作 three hundred per cent

  5.7 算式表示法

  關于加、減、乘、除算式的讀法:

  2+2=4 讀作 Two plus two equal(s) four.

  10-3=7 讀作Ten minus three is seven.

  9×6=54 讀作 Nine multiplied by six is fifty-four.

  20÷4=5 讀作 Twenty divided by four is five.

  [注]通常“加”可用and,如Two and two are four(2+2=4)。說“減”可用from,如 one from four leaves three(4-1=3)。說“乘”4×5=20亦可用Four fives are twenty或Four times five is twenty。說“除”可用into,如 Four into twenty goes five(20÷4=5)。

  關于比例與乘方、開方的讀法:

  3:2 讀作 the ratio of three to two

  12:3=4 讀作 The ratio of twenty to three equals four.

  3的2次方讀作 three squared

  33=27讀作 Three cubed is twenty seven

  X4=Y讀作 The fourth power of x is y.

  9的平方根等于3讀作 The square root of nine of three.

  27的3次方根等于3讀作 The cubic root of twenty-seven is three.

  (17-9的平方根+65/5)-(4×3)=15 應讀作 Seventeen minus the square root of nine, plus sixty-five over five, minus four times three, equals fifteen.

  表示面積常用by,如說一個房間的面積是3′×6′(3英尺×6英尺),應說three feet by six feet;如房間為6英尺見方,則可說six feet by six feet,也可以說six feet square,其總面積為thirty-six square feet。

  5.8 編號表示法

  編號可用序數(shù)詞或基數(shù)詞表示,序數(shù)詞位于名詞之前,并加定冠詞,基數(shù)詞位于名詞之后。如:the second part=part two 第二部分;the eighth lesson=lesson eight 第八課。

  由于基數(shù)詞簡單,所以用基數(shù)詞的情況較多。如:

  Number 6 第6號(讀作number six,縮寫式為No.6)

  line 4 第4行 (讀作 line four,縮寫式為L.4)

  page 10 第10頁 (讀作 page ten,縮寫式為p.10)

  Room (No.) 101 第101房間 (讀作room(number) one oh one)

  No.10 Downing Street 唐寧街10號

  Platform (No.) 5 第5站臺

  Bus (No.) 332第332路公共汽車

  Tel. No. 801-4609 電話號碼801-4609讀作 telephone number eight oh one four six oh nine,在eight,oh,one之后應稍加停頓。

  postcode (或zip code) 100081 郵政編碼100081

  [注一]電話與門牌號碼中的0多讀作oh。

  [注二]帝王稱號“第幾”用序數(shù)詞,如Henry Vlll是Henry the Eighth的縮寫式,當今英國女王Elizabeth ll是Elizabeth the Second 的縮寫式。

  5.9 年、月、是表示法

  請看下列各例:

  1949 1949年(讀作nineteen forty-nine或nineteen hundred and forty-nine)

  1900 1900年(讀作nineteen hundred)

  1908 1908年(讀作nineteen and eight或nineteen hundred and eight)

  1960s (1960’s) 20世紀60年代(讀作nineteen sixties)

  450 B.C. 公元前450年(讀作four fifty B.C. 或four hundred and fifty B.C.)

  476 A.D. (A.D. 476) 公元476年(讀作four seventy-six A.D. 或four hundred and seventy-six A.D.( A.D.在不會誤解的情況下常可省略)

  February 7(th) (7(th) February) 2月7日 (讀作February the seventh)( 或February seven或February seventh)。7(th) February則讀作the seventh of February。

  February 7,1986 1986年2月7日,可縮寫成7/2/86(或7,2,86)(英式)或2/7/86 (或2,7,86)(美式)

  下面是各個月份及其縮寫式:

  January Jan. February Feb. March Mar. April Apr. May — June Jun. July Jul. August Aug. September Sept. October Oct. November Nov. December Dec.

  5.10 時刻表示法

  請看下列各例:

  (at) six o’clock (或at six) a.m. (或am) (在)上午六時

  half past six p.m. (或pm) 下午六時半

  (a) quarter past six a.m. (或am) 上午六時一刻

  (a) quarter to eight p.m. (或pm) 下午八時差一刻

  five to eight p.m. (或pm) 下午八時差五分

  [注]美國英語可用after代替past ,用of 代替to。

  除用文字外還可用阿拉伯數(shù)字表示時刻,如:

  6.00 (英式) 6:00(美式) (讀作six)

  6.25 (英式) 6:25(美式) (讀作six twenty-five)

  還有一種以24小時時制的表示法,如:

  06.00或06:00 (讀作zero six hundred hours)

  21.25或21:25 (讀作twenty-one twenty-five)

  5.11 幣制表示法

  關于英國幣制的說法見下列各例:

  1p 1便士 (讀作one penny 或one p)

  5p 5便士 (讀作five pence 或five p)

  €5.86 5英鎊86便士 (讀作five pounds eighty-six pence)

  關于美國幣制的說法見下列各例:

  1¢ 1美分 (讀作one cent 或one penny)

  $1.25 1美元25美分 (讀作one dollar twenty five或one twenty-five)

  美國硬幣除penny外,還有nickel(=five cents),dime(=ten cents),quarter(=twenty-five cents),half-dollar(=fifty cents)等。


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