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薄冰英語語法 第六章 動(dòng)詞概說

所屬教程:英語語法入門

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  第六章 動(dòng)詞概說

  6.1 動(dòng)詞的定義和特征

  動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞。如:

  walk 行走,play 玩,sleep 睡覺,live 生活,like 喜歡,know 知道,consist 包含,resemble 相似。

  動(dòng)詞和名詞、代詞一樣,也有人稱和數(shù)的變化。謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)一般必須與主語的人稱和數(shù)一致。

  英語動(dòng)詞是詞類中最復(fù)雜的一種。它的主要語法特征是:

  1)時(shí)態(tài)(tense)

  特殊的動(dòng)詞尾或有關(guān)的助動(dòng)詞,用以表示動(dòng)作的時(shí)間和方面。

  2)語態(tài)(voice)

  特殊的動(dòng)詞形式,用以表示動(dòng)詞的主語和賓語之間的關(guān)系,即主語是施事者或是受事者。

  3)語氣(mood)

  特殊的動(dòng)詞形式,用以表示說話人對(duì)所說事物的態(tài)度。所說的話可能是事實(shí),也可能是命令或請(qǐng)求,也可能是愿望、假設(shè)、懷疑、建議、猜測、純粹的空想等。

  4)體(aspect)

  動(dòng)詞本身內(nèi)含的動(dòng)作方面,有動(dòng)態(tài)與靜態(tài)。靜態(tài)包括內(nèi)心活動(dòng)、各種感覺和感情等。動(dòng)態(tài)有瞬間、有限、無限、重復(fù)等方面。

  6.2 動(dòng)詞的種類

  動(dòng)詞的種類比較復(fù)雜,大致可以根據(jù)其在句中的功用分為及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞,連系動(dòng)詞介乎二者之間,反身動(dòng)詞則是一種特殊的及物動(dòng)詞。其次,還可以根據(jù)其詞義和其在謂語中的作用分為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞與助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。第三,還可以根據(jù)其與主語的關(guān)系分為限定動(dòng)詞與非限定動(dòng)詞。最后還有一種由動(dòng)詞與介詞、副詞組成的短語動(dòng)詞。

  1)及物動(dòng)詞(transitive verb)與不及物動(dòng)詞(intransitive verb)。及物動(dòng)詞要求有直接賓語。如:

  (1)John Ford himself opened to door to me. 約翰•福特親自給我開門。

  不及物動(dòng)詞則不需要賓語。如:

  (2)The car stopped. 車停了。

  只有及物動(dòng)詞可用在被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如:

  (3)The meeting will be held in the town hall. 會(huì)議將在市政大廳舉行。

  及物動(dòng)詞可以有一個(gè)或兩個(gè)(直接和間接)賓語或復(fù)合賓語。如:

  (4)Mist clothed the hills. 薄霧罩著山丘。

  (5)She gave him the first injection. 她給他打了第一針。(兩個(gè)賓語,him為間接賓語,the first injection為直接賓語)

  (6)They elected Nixon President. 他們選尼克松當(dāng)總統(tǒng)。(Nixon和President為復(fù)合賓語)

  許多動(dòng)詞既可用作及物動(dòng)詞,又可用作不及物動(dòng)詞。如:

  (7)He turned his horse’s head and rode away. 他掉轉(zhuǎn)馬頭騎著走了。

  (8)Tom turned towards Maggie. 湯姆轉(zhuǎn)身向著瑪吉。

  有些不及物動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可用作及物動(dòng)詞。如:

  (9)He walked the horse to and fro. 他來回遛馬。

  有些不及物動(dòng)詞用作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)可后接同源賓語。如:

  (10)Morel dreamed an extraordinary dream last night. 莫雷爾昨晚作了一個(gè)怪夢(mèng)。

  有些動(dòng)詞形式相似,但一為及物動(dòng)詞,一為不及物動(dòng)詞,它們有l(wèi)ay(放)與lie(躺),raise(舉)與rise(升),set(放)與sit(坐)等。如:

  (11)They’ve raised a statue in memory of Robert Burs. 他們?yōu)榧o(jì)念羅伯特•彭斯建立了一座雕像。

  (12)The kite rises in the sky. 風(fēng)箏在空中升起。

  有些及物動(dòng)詞常用作不及物動(dòng)詞以表示被動(dòng)意義,這時(shí)主語往往是物而不是人。如:

  (13)The hooks sold out in a week. 這些書一周內(nèi)就售完了。(等于were sold out)

  2)連系動(dòng)詞(link verb)。連系動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)表示謂語關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞。它必須后接表語(通常為名詞或形容詞)

  be是最基本的連系動(dòng)詞。如:

  (14)It is not late. 時(shí)間不晚了。(表語為形容詞)

  (15)Shelley was an atheist. 雪萊是一個(gè)無神論者。(表語為名詞)

  (16)He had been in Germany for five years. 他曾在德國待了五年。(表語為介詞短語)

  (17)My idea is to go there right today. 我的意見是今天就去那兒。(表語為不定式短語)

  (18)The problem is finding the right house. 問題在于找到合適的房子。(表語為動(dòng)名詞短語)

  (19)That was what she die this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今天上午到閣樓后干的事。(表語為從句)

  常用的連系動(dòng)詞還有appear(出現(xiàn)),become(變成),get(成為),look(看上去),remain(仍是),seem(看似)等。如:

  (20)Gradually he become silent. 他逐漸變得沉默寡言。

  (21)Thenny’s face remained expressionless. 坦尼的臉部仍是毫無表情。

  表感覺和知覺的動(dòng)詞也可以是連系動(dòng)詞,有feel(感覺),taste(嘗),smell(嗅),sound(聽起來)等。如:

  (22)The dish smells good. 這道菜氣味好。

  (23)His explanation sounds all right. 他的解釋聽起來有道理。

  有些可以和形容詞連用的動(dòng)詞也屬于連系動(dòng)詞,有blow open(吹開),blush red(臉發(fā)紅),break loose(掙脫出來),grow worse(變得更壞),fall ill(生病),prove wrong(證明錯(cuò)了),stand quiet(靜立),turn pale(臉發(fā)白)等。

  3)反身動(dòng)詞(reflexive verb)。反身動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞,通常以反身動(dòng)詞為賓語。如:

  (24)She always prides herself on her cooking. 她經(jīng)常為她的廚藝感到驕傲。

  (25)He availed himself of the opportunity to speak to her. 他利用此機(jī)會(huì)對(duì)她說話。

  有些反身動(dòng)詞不用反身代詞作賓語,但也具有反身意義。如:

  (26)Jane hid in the closet. 珍妮藏在壁櫥里。

  (27)We dressed like the villagers. 我們的打扮像村民。

  4)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(notional verb)與助動(dòng)詞(auxiliary verb)、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(modal verb)。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞意義完全,能獨(dú)立用作謂語。如:

  (28)The night crept gently into the hollows of the hills. 黑夜輕輕地蔓延到山谷。

  (29)The burglar broke the window. 小偷打破了窗戶。

  助動(dòng)詞本身無詞匯意義,不能單獨(dú)用作謂語。它們有do,be,have,shall (should),will (would)等。它們?cè)诰渲信c實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣以及否定和疑問結(jié)構(gòu)。如:

  (30)The child is crying because he’s been stung by a bee. 那小孩在哭,因?yàn)樗幻鄯潴Я恕?用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))

  (31)She had been ill for two days when we learned about it. 她生病兩天以后我們才知道。(用過去完成時(shí))

  (32)The idea was given up years ago. 這個(gè)念頭好幾年前就打消了。(用于被動(dòng)語態(tài))

  (33)I wish he hadn’t gone. 我希望他沒走就好了。(用于虛擬語氣)

  (34)I don’t care what she thinks. 我不在乎她想什么。(用于否定結(jié)構(gòu))

  (35)When do we meet again? 什么時(shí)候我們?cè)贂?huì)?(用于疑問結(jié)構(gòu))

  情態(tài)動(dòng)詞詞義不完全,在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語,只能與實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語;它們有shall,should,will,would,can,could,may,might,must,dare,need,ought to等。如:

  (36)You should always wash your hands before you eat. 你應(yīng)該經(jīng)常在吃飯前洗手。

  (37)A frightened bear will maul campers. 受驚的熊會(huì)把野營者咬傷的。

  (38)George can speak several languages. 喬治能說好幾種語言。

  (39)I have bought a ticket for the concert, but I may not go if I am feeling too tired. 我已經(jīng)買了一張音樂會(huì)的票,不過如果我感到太累的話,就可能不去看。

  (40)It must have been Simon—nobody else would call at this time of night. 那一定是西蒙——晚上這個(gè)時(shí)候不會(huì)有別人打電話來。

  (41)You needn’t give me a lift on your scooter—I’m much too heavy anyway. 你不必讓我登上你的滑板車——我反正太重了。

  (42)I really ought to go and have my eyes tested. 我的眼睛確實(shí)應(yīng)該去檢驗(yàn)了。

  (43)They dare not tell the truth. 他們不敢說真話。

  have to,be going to,be to,happen to,seem to等結(jié)構(gòu)皆有情態(tài)意義,亦可認(rèn)為是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。

  5)限定動(dòng)詞(finite verb)與非限定動(dòng)詞。這些動(dòng)詞的形式由它們?cè)诰渥又械墓τ盟鶝Q定。限定動(dòng)詞在句子中起謂語作用,可與助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用,亦可不連用。但必須與主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致辭。如

  (44)Mark smokes a lot. 馬克抽煙很多。

  (45)I am practising hard on my violin. 我正在努力練習(xí)小提琴。

  (46)You should not drink if you intend to drive. 如果你打算開車,就不應(yīng)該喝酒。

  非限定動(dòng)詞有不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞三種。它們?cè)诰渲胁黄鹬^語作用,可擔(dān)任主語、賓語、補(bǔ)語、狀語、定語等。它們不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的制約。如:

  (47)He wanted to tell her of the incident. 他想把這個(gè)事件告訴她。(不定式用作賓語)

  (48)He was always the first to enter the dining room and the last to leave it. 他總是第一個(gè)進(jìn)餐廳而最后一個(gè)離開。(不定式用作定語)

  (49)Swimming against the current is difficult. 逆水游泳很困難。(動(dòng)名詞用作主語)

  (50)Her aim is mastering English in the shortest time possible. 她的目標(biāo)就是在盡可能最短的時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握英語。(動(dòng)名詞用作表語)

  (51)Coming near, I found the door slightly ajar. 我走近時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)門有一點(diǎn)兒開著。(現(xiàn)在分詞用作狀語)

  (52)It was the 1st o f August — a perfect day, with a burning sun and cloudless sky. 那天是八月一日,一個(gè)晴朗的日子,灼日當(dāng)空,萬里無云。(現(xiàn)在分詞用作定語)

  (53)Heated, the metal expands. 這金屬遇熱即會(huì)膨脹。(過去分詞用作狀語)

  (54)The frozen ground was hard as stone. 冰凍的土地像石頭一樣堅(jiān)硬。(過去分詞用作定語)

  6)短語動(dòng)詞(phrasal verb)。短語動(dòng)詞是一種固定詞組,由動(dòng)詞加介詞或副詞等構(gòu)成,其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)動(dòng)詞。如:

  (55)The plane took off at seven sharp. 飛機(jī)七點(diǎn)起飛。(動(dòng)詞+副詞)

  (56)Put out your cigarettes. 把你的香煙熄掉。(動(dòng)詞+副詞+賓語)

  (57)I don’t care for Helen’s new curtain. 我不喜歡海倫的新窗簾。(動(dòng)詞+介詞+介詞賓語)

  (58)The gang robbed her of her necklace. 這伙人搶走了她的項(xiàng)鏈。(動(dòng)詞+直接賓語+介詞+介詞賓語)

  (59)We are all looking forward to your party on Saturday. 我們大家都在盼著你星期六舉辦的宴會(huì)。(動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞+介詞賓語)

  (60)I put his bad temper down to his recent illness. 我認(rèn)為他脾氣壞是因?yàn)樗罱^病。(動(dòng)詞+直接賓語+副詞+介詞+介詞賓語)

  6.3 動(dòng)詞的基本形式

  英語動(dòng)詞有五種基本形式,即動(dòng)詞原形(verb stem),第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式(third person singular present tense form),過去式(past tense form),過去分詞(past participle)和現(xiàn)在分詞(present participle)。這五種形式助動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣?,F(xiàn)將五種基本形式舉例列表如下:

  原形 第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式 過去式 過去分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞

  work works worked worked working

  write writes wrote written writing

  have has had had having

  do does did done doing

  1)動(dòng)詞原形,是前面不加to的動(dòng)詞不定式形式,也就是在詞典詞目中所用的動(dòng)詞形式,如be,have,do,work,study等。

  2)當(dāng)主語是第三人稱單數(shù),時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)時(shí),動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)是第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式。如:

  (1)He works hard. 他工作努力。

  第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式一般由動(dòng)詞原形加-s構(gòu)成。它的拼寫應(yīng)根據(jù)以下情況作相應(yīng)變化:

  a) 以發(fā)咝擦音的s,z,ch,sh,x等字母結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,后面加-es。如:pass—passes,buzz—buzzes,catch—catches,push—pushes,mix—mixes。

  b) 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,先將y變?yōu)閕,再加-es。如:carry—carries,try—tries。

  3)動(dòng)詞過去式和過去分詞的構(gòu)成有規(guī)則的和不規(guī)則的兩種(不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞見下節(jié))。規(guī)則

  動(dòng)詞的過去式和過去分詞由動(dòng)詞原形加-ed構(gòu)成。關(guān)于動(dòng)詞原形加-ed的方法和讀音見下表:

  讀音 例詞 構(gòu)成 在動(dòng)詞后加-ed 在以-e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后加-d 在以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后,先將y變?yōu)閕,再加-ed 以重讀閉音節(jié)或r音節(jié)結(jié)尾而末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí),須雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母再加-ed

  在清輔音后讀 /t/ worked finished helped fetched hoped liked joked clapped stopped mapped

  在元音和濁輔音后讀 /d/ followed stayed called entered agreed believed lived changed carried studied tried copied planed referred preferred nodded

  在輔音/t,d/后讀/id/ wanted rested needed admitted omitted permitted

  少數(shù)雙音節(jié)動(dòng)詞,盡管重音節(jié)在第一個(gè)音節(jié),仍雙寫末尾的輔音字母,然后再加-ed(現(xiàn)在分詞亦如此)。如:‵travel—travelled ‵program—programmed ‵worship—worshipped。

  但美國英語不雙寫輔音字母。如:‵travel—traveled

  [注]注意panic,traffic,picnic等動(dòng)詞分別為panicked,trafficked和picnicked,其現(xiàn)在分詞分別為panicking,trafficking,picnicking. 英、美皆是如此。

  4)現(xiàn)在分詞一般由動(dòng)詞原形加-ing構(gòu)成。如:go—going ask—asking study—studying see—seeing stand—standing answer—answering be—being。

  但在下列情況下,拼寫應(yīng)作相應(yīng)變化:

  a)以不發(fā)音的-e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,須去掉e再加-ing。如:come—coming take—taking write—writing become—becoming

  但當(dāng)將-e去掉會(huì)引起發(fā)音變化時(shí),最后的-e應(yīng)保留,如:agree—agreeing singe—singeing

  另外,-e前為元音時(shí),-e也應(yīng)保留,如:canoe—canoeing。

  b)動(dòng)詞是閉音節(jié)的單音節(jié)詞,或是以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的多音節(jié)詞,末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí),這個(gè)輔音字母須雙寫,然后再加-ing。如:sit—sitting run—running stop—stopping begin—beginning admit—admitting forget—forgetting。

  c)少數(shù)幾個(gè)以-ie結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)動(dòng)詞,須變ie為y,再加-ing,如:die—dying lie—lying tie—tying。

  6.4 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞

  大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞的過去式和過去分詞都由動(dòng)詞原形加-ed構(gòu)成,這類動(dòng)詞叫規(guī)則動(dòng)詞(regular verb)。但有一些動(dòng)詞卻不以加-ed的方式構(gòu)成過去式和過去分詞,這類動(dòng)詞叫不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞(irregular verb)。現(xiàn)代英語中不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞總數(shù)不過二百多個(gè)。但它們的使用頻率卻相當(dāng)高。不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞可分為下列三類:

  1) 第一類不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的三個(gè)主要形式(即原形、過去式、過去分詞)同形。如:

  burst burst burst

  cast cast cast

  cost cost cost

  cut cut cut

  forecast forecast forecast

  hit hit hit

  hurt hurt hurt

  let let let

  put put put

  set set set

  shed shed shed

  shit shit shit

  shut shut shut

  slit slit slit

  split split split

  spread spread spread

  thrust thrust thrust

  注意下列動(dòng)詞的過去式與過去分詞有兩種形式:

  bet bet/betted bet/betted

  bid bid/bade bid/bade,bidden

  knit knit/knitted knit/knitted

  rid rid/ridded rid/ridded

  wed wed/wedded wed/wedded

  wet wet/wetted wet/wetted

  2)第二類不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式與過去分詞同形。如:

  bent bent bent

  bind bound bound

  bleed bled bled

  breed bred bred

  bring brought brought

  build built built

  buy bought bought

  catch caught caught

  cling clung clung

  creep crept crept

  deal dealt dealt

  dig dug dug

  feed fed fed

  fight fought fought

  find found found

  flee fled fled

  fling flung flung

  get got got/gotted

  grind ground ground

  hang hung/hanged hung/hanged

  have had had

  hear heard heard

  hide hid hid/hidden

  hold held held

  keep kept kept

  kneel knelt knelt

  lay laid laid

  lead led led

  lean leant/leaned leant/leaned

  leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped

  learn learnt/learned learnt/learned

  leave left left

  light lit/lighted lit/lighted

  make made made

  mean meant meant

  pay paid paid

  rend rent rent

  say said said

  seek sought sought

  sell sold sold

  send sent sent

  shine shone/shined shone/shined

  shoot shot shot

  sit sat sat

  sleep slept slept

  slide slid slid

  smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled

  speed sped/speeded sped/speeded

  spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled

  spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled

  stand stood stood

  stick stuck stuck

  strike struck struck

  sweep swept swept

  teach taught taught

  think thought thought

  weep wept wept

  win won won

  wind wound wound

  wring wrung wrung

  3)第三類不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的原形、過去式與過去分詞都不相同。如:

  arise arose arisen

  awake awoke/awaked awoken/awaked

  bear bore born/borne

  begin began begun

  blow blew blown

  break broke broken

  choose chose chosen

  drink drank drunk/drunken

  do did done

  eat ate eaten

  fly flew flown

  forbid forbade/forbad forbidden/forbid

  forget forgot forgotten/forgot

  give gave given

  go went gone

  grow grew grown

  hew hewed hewn/hewed

  know knew known

  mow mowed mown/mowed

  overthrow overthrew overthrown

  ring rang rung

  rise rose risen

  see saw seen

  shake shook shaken

  show showed shown/showed

  shrive shrove/shrived shriven/shrived

  sow sowed sown/sowed

  speak spoke spoken

  spring sprang sprung

  steal stole stolen

  strive strove/strived striven/strived

  swear swore sworn

  swim swam swum

  take took taken

  tear tore torn

  throw threw thrown

  wake woke/waked woken/waked

  weave wove woven

  write wrote written

  此外還有少數(shù)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞與原形相同。如:

  come came come

  become became become

  run ran run

  從上面列舉的三類不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞中,可以看出一些規(guī)則動(dòng)詞與不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的交叉現(xiàn)象,這種現(xiàn)象說明了英語由不規(guī)則向規(guī)則轉(zhuǎn)化的進(jìn)程。

  6.5 動(dòng)詞的體

  動(dòng)詞根據(jù)其詞義可分為動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞(dynamic verb)與靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞(stative verb)。

  1)動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞,大致可分為四類:

  a) 無限動(dòng)詞,即動(dòng)作歷時(shí)無限的動(dòng)詞,如drink,eat,read,write,play,talk,live,work,study,walk,run,rain,snow,fly等。

  b) 有限動(dòng)詞,即表示動(dòng)作歷時(shí)有限的動(dòng)詞,如bind,produce,build,make,create,mend等。

  c) 瞬間動(dòng)詞,即表示動(dòng)作極為短暫的動(dòng)詞,如hit,jump,tap,knock等。

  d) 重復(fù)動(dòng)詞,即表示動(dòng)作不斷重復(fù)的動(dòng)詞,如giggle,struggle,pooh-pooh等。

  2)靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞,亦大致可分為四類:

  a) 表示內(nèi)心活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞,如want,know,think,believe,forget,understand,expect,consider,hope,imagine,mean,mind,notice,prefer,remember,suggest,suppose,wish等。

  b) 表示情感的動(dòng)詞,如care,detest,envy,fear,hate,like,love,regret等。

  c) 表示感覺或知覺的動(dòng)詞,如feel,ache,hurt,see,hear,smell,taste等。

  d) 表示各種關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞,如be,belong,compare,concern,contain,cost,deserve,differ,equal,exist,have,hold,interest,involve,fit,lack,matter,measure,owe,own,possess,resemble,weigh等。

  靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞之間有時(shí)是相通的。有些靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞亦可用作動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如:

  (1)He is having dinner. 他正在吃晚飯。

  (2)He felt in his pocket for some money. 他在口袋里摸找錢。

  動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞之間亦相通,如無限動(dòng)詞sit,stand在下列句子中即變成有限動(dòng)詞:

  (3)Stand up. 起立。

  (4)Sit down. 坐下。


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