國際關(guān)系英語詞匯大全Unit 14

　　1.Representative democracy

　　Representative democracy (also indirect democracy) is a variety of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy. All modern Western-style democracies are types of representative democracies; for example, the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and Germany is a parliamentary republic.

　　1.代議民主制

　　代議民主制，又稱間接民主制，是由公民以選舉形式選出立法機(jī)關(guān)的成員，并代表其在議會中行使權(quán)力(稱為代議)，并與直接民主制相反。 除了在選舉中外，選民和被選者并無約束關(guān)系，即被選者在議會中的行為未必真正反映選民的意愿，但其表現(xiàn)卻直接影響下次選舉中選民的投票取向。 民主政治可以有許多種分類方式，沒有任何一種分類法具有絕對性，赫爾德曾順著歷史發(fā)展的先后，將民主政治分成九種類型，分別是古典(城邦式)民主、共和主義民主、自由主義民主、社會主義(共產(chǎn)主義)民主、競爭式精英民主、多元主義民主、法治民主、參與式民主及自主式(世界主義)民主等。而最常見的分類方式就是直接民主與代議民主。而直接民主通常不適用于現(xiàn)代大型國家。

　　2.Utilitarianism

　　Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes utility, usually defined as maximizing total benefit and reducing suffering or the negatives. This theory is an economic analysis that is human-centered (or anthropocentric) and has a moral foundation.

　　2.功利主義

　　功利主義，是倫理學(xué)中的一個理論。提倡追求“最大幸福”，認(rèn)為實用即至善的理論，相信決定行為適當(dāng)與否的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在于其結(jié)果的實用程度。主要哲學(xué)家有杰瑞米·邊沁、約翰·斯圖爾特·密爾等。

　　3.Supply-side economics

　　Supply-side economics is a school of macroeconomics that argues that economic growth can be most effectively created by lowering barriers for people to produce (supply) goods and services as well as invest in capital. According to supply-side economics, consumers will then benefit from a greater supply of goods and services at lower prices; furthermore, the investment and expansion of businesses will increase the demand for employees. Typical policy recommendations of supply-side economists are lower marginal tax rates and less regulation.

　　3.供應(yīng)學(xué)派經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

　　供應(yīng)學(xué)派經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)思想的一種，認(rèn)為可以由降低生產(chǎn)(供應(yīng))商品和服務(wù)的障礙來有效地創(chuàng)造經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，例如降低所得稅和資本收益稅，以及允許更大、更靈活的減少管制。根據(jù)供給學(xué)派的看法，消費(fèi)者會從中受益，生產(chǎn)者以更低的價格提供更多的商品和服務(wù)。供給面學(xué)派建議，政府降低邊際稅率和監(jiān)控。此派主要依據(jù)拉弗曲線。