國際關(guān)系英語詞匯大全Unit 22

　　英語單詞講解 unit 22

　　1.Liberal democracy

　　Liberal democracy(also constitutional democracy)is a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of liberalism, i.e. protecting the rights of the individual, which are generally enshrined in law.It is characterised by fair, free, and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into different branches of government, the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society, and the equal protection of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, and political freedoms for all persons.

　　1.憲政民主

　　憲政民主是一種由許多國家采用的民主制度，而憲政也是民主體制的基礎(chǔ)之一?，F(xiàn)代的憲政民主制是在英國光榮革命與美國獨(dú)立建國之后逐漸成形，早期主要實(shí)行于西歐國家，后來漸由中歐與東歐國家效仿。此外美國憲政民主的某些細(xì)節(jié)，如聯(lián)邦制、分權(quán)與司法審查等制度，也是一些國家，如二次大戰(zhàn)之后日本與德國在制定憲法時所吸取的對象之一。

　　2.Trade barriers

　　Trade barriers are government-induced restrictions on international trade. The barriers can take many forms, including the following:Tariffs、Non-tariff barriers to trade、Import licenses、Export licenses、Import quotas、Subsidies、Voluntary Export Restraints、Local content requirements、Embargo、Currency devaluation、Trade restriction etc.

　　2.貿(mào)易壁壘

　　貿(mào)易壁壘，或貿(mào)易障礙是一些國家阻止國際貿(mào)易的政府政策或規(guī)則，可以各種不同形式出現(xiàn)。貿(mào)易壁壘包括：貨物稅、進(jìn)口關(guān)稅、貿(mào)易配額限制、在地生產(chǎn)者補(bǔ)貼政策、進(jìn)口許可證、出口許可證、反傾銷稅、其他非關(guān)稅的貿(mào)易壁壘。

　　3.Non-tariff barriers to trade，NTB

　　Non-tariff barriers to trade (NTBs) are trade barriers that restrict imports, but are unlike the usual form of a tariff. Some common examples of NTB's are anti-dumping measures and countervailing duties, which, although called non-tariff barriers, have the effect of tariffs once they are enacted.

　　3.非關(guān)稅壁壘

　　非關(guān)稅壁壘也作非關(guān)稅貿(mào)易壁壘、非關(guān)稅措施。指一個國家通過關(guān)稅之外的方法控制對外貿(mào)易，達(dá)到在一定程度上減少進(jìn)口的目的。通過這些手段可以起到貿(mào)易保護(hù)的作用，但也會使本國消費(fèi)者蒙受損失。